1. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
It is seriously freezing out here.
Please. It's not even close to absolute zero yet!
SV number
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
r1.04

2. Introduction The Snapshot button is used to capture the screen.
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Introduction
Each page of this lab that contains the symbol
should be inserted into your journal. After completing a lab page with the snapshot symbol, tap (in the upper right hand corner) to insert the page into your journal.
Journals and Snapshots
The Snapshot button is used to capture the screen.
The Journal is where snapshots are stored and viewed.
The Share button is used to export or print your journal to turn in your work.
Note: You may want to take a
snapshot of the first page of
this lab as a cover page for
your Journal.

3. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Lab Challenge
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of molecules. As the temperature of something drops, the motion slows down. Things can’t move slower than stopped. Does this mean there is a lowest possible temperature and if so, what is this temperature?
Cold air molecules move slowly.
What happens when air molecules are very, very, very, very, very, very, very cold???
Hot air molecules move fast!

4. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Background
Gas molecules move through space, bumping into things. This causes air pressure. The more collisions there are each second, the more pressure there is.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy (speed) of the particles in a sample.

5. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Self-Check
Pressure is caused by the collision of gas molecules with ______________.
higher volume
liquid molecules
the walls of the container
motion
excessive homework
L6 – Text Box
[ The best choice is … (tap here to enter text)]

6. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
...Background
Kinetic energy is related to the speed of the molecules, so if the temperature increases, the molecules move faster.
An increase in speed will cause gas molecules to strike the walls of the container more times per second, so the pressure increases.
The direct relationship between pressure P and temperature T was discovered by Joseph Gay-Lussac in Gay-Lussac's law is expressed mathematically as:
more collisions =
higher pressure
(constant) OR

7. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Self-Check
If you decrease the temperature of a gas inside a container, what happens to the gas particles?
They exert higher pressure.
They increase in kinetic energy.
They decrease in speed.
They increase in speed.
L6 – Text Box
[ The best choice is…]

8. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
...Background
If it were possible to continue to remove kinetic energy by cooling, there should come a point where the gas particles would be so cold they would have no kinetic energy at all!
If particles have zero kinetic energy, they are no longer moving and, therefore, are not able to collide with the walls of the container to create pressure.
This theoretical point at which kinetic energy has been completely removed from a system (particles stop moving and the pressure equals zero) is known as absolute zero.

9. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
...Background
Boiling point of water
Because temperature is a measurement of molecular motion (kinetic energy), the Kelvin temperature scale sets the point of no kinetic energy as its starting point, 0 K.
This means that the Kelvin scale has no negative values.
Weather: highest temp. recorded in the world
Freezing point of water
Weather: lowest temp. recorded in the world
Moon at its coldest
Absolute zero

10. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Self-Check
The Kelvin temperature scale is based on ___________________.
molecular motion
the freezing point of water
the boiling point of water
the coldest temperature ever recorded
L6 – Text Box
[ The best choice is…]

11. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
...Background
Absolute zero can be calculated experimentally using Gay-Lussac's law to find the relationship between pressure and temperature. The relationship can then be used to calculate temperature (absolute zero) when the pressure equals zero.
Gay-Lussac's law can be rearranged to give the familiar equation of a straight line:
There is one small catch, Gay-Lussac’s law requires that the temperature measurements be in Kelvin.

12. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Self-Check
When using Gay-Lussac's law, the value for temperature must always be measured in ______. ˚F
kPa ˚C K
L6 – Text Box
[ The best choice is… ]

13. Safety HOT!! Follow all common laboratory procedures.
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Safety
Follow all common laboratory procedures.
Be careful with hot water! Water at 65˚C (149˚F) has enough kinetic energy to damage skin and eyes.
HOT!!

14. Materials and Equipment
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Materials and Equipment
Collect all of these materials before beginning the lab.
Sensor extension cable
Absolute pressure sensor
Quick-release connector
Tubing connector
Fast response temperature sensor
Tubing, 1- to 2-cm
Test tube, 15-mm x 100-mm
One-hole stopper for test tube
Beakers (2), 250-mL

15. Materials and Equipment
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Materials and Equipment
Also collect these additional materials before starting.
Polystyrene cups (2)
Rubber band
Ring stand
Three-finger clamp
Crushed ice (300 mL)
Room temperature water, 300 mL
~45˚C water, 300 mL
~55˚C water, 300 mL
~65˚C water, 300 mL
Glycerin, 2 drops
Glycerin

16. Sequencing Challenge Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
The steps to the left are part of the procedure for this lab activity. They are not in the right order. Determine the correct sequence of the steps, then take a snapshot of this page.
A. Place the closed test tube in a polystyrene cup containing ice-water and record the pressure and temperature.
B. Set up the equipment to measure pressure and temperature of air trapped in a test tube.
C. Graph the data and use the equation of the line of best fit to determine absolute zero.
D. Replace the ice-water with water at 25 ˚C, 45 ˚C, 55 ˚C, and 65 ˚C. Record the pressure and temperature for each.
L6 – Text Box
[ The correct sequence of steps is… ]

17. Prediction Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Q1: What will happen to the pressure in the test tube as temperature increases? Draw your prediction on the graph provided.*
*To Draw a Prediction:
Tap to open the tool palette.
Tap then use your finger to draw your prediction.
Tap when finished.
If you make a mistake, tap
to clear your prediction.
Graph- absolute pressure (kPa) versus Temperature (C)

18. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Connect the fast response temperature sensor to the data collection system.
Connect the absolute pressure sensor to the data collection system using a sensor extension cable.
Pressure sensor
Extension cable

19. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Q2: Temperature and pressure are being measured for what substance during this experiment?
Connect the quick-release connector to the stopper using the tubing connector and the 1- to 2-cm piece of tubing. Put a drop of glycerin on the connectors as necessary.
Quick-release
connector
Tubing connector
L6 – Text Box
[ The temperature and pressure of… ]
Stopper
Tubing

20. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Q3:The temperature sensor is placed on the outside of the test tube. Is this a problem? Explain.
Use a rubber band to attach the quick- response temperature sensor to the outside of the test tube. The sensor should be about halfway down the test tube.
Use a rubber band to attach the quick-response temperature sensor to the outside of the test tube. The sensor should be about halfway down the test tube.
L6 – Text box
[ Placing the temperature sensor on the outside of the test tube… ]
Rubber band
Temperature sensor

21. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Q4: Why is a polystyrene cup used instead of just a beaker?
Attach a three-finger clamp to a ring stand. Use the three-finger clamp to securely hold the absolute pressure sensor in a vertical position.
Place the polystyrene cup into a 250-mL beaker. Fill the polystyrene cup to the top with ice. Add water to make an ice bath.
L6 – Text box
[ A polystyrene cup is used… ]

22. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Q5a: What is the dependent variable (with units) in this experiment?
Q5b: What is the independent variable (with units) in this experiment?
L456 – Text box
[ 5a. The dependent variable is… ]
[ 5b. The independent variable is… ]

23. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Setup
Q6: Why is it necessary for the entire test tube to be covered with the ice-water?
Place the beaker containing the polystyrene cup and ice-water underneath the absolute pressure/test tube apparatus and slowly lower the test tube into the ice-water.
Angle the test tube in the cup so the entire test tube is covered with the ice-water. Place more ice on top of the test tube to ensure that the entire test tube is covered with ice.
L6 – Text Box
[ The entire test tube needs to be covered with ice-water… ]

24. Procedure Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Tap to start a new data set.
Wait ~2 minutes to allow the temperature of the air in the test tube to become the same temperature as the ice water surrounding it.
Tap to record the temperature (in ˚C and K) and pressure.
Remove the test tube from the ice water bath.
Table – Absolute pressure (kPa), Temperature (C), Temperature (K)

25. Procedure Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Place the second polystyrene cup into the second 250-mL beaker.
Fill the polystyrene cup with water at room temperature (~25˚C).
Angle the test tube in the cup so it is covered with water.
Wait ~ 2 minutes.
Tap to record the temperature and pressure.
Table – Absolute pressure (kPa), Temperature (C), Temperature (K)

26. Procedure Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
10. Collect three more data points by replacing the room temperature water with water at:
~ 45 ˚C
~ 55 ˚C
~ 65 ˚C
11. For each sample wait ~ 2 minutes and then tap to record the temperature and pressure.
12. When all five data points have been collected, tap to stop the data set.
Table – Absolute pressure (kPa), Temperature (C), Temperature (K)

27. Data Analysis Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Using the data collected, derive the mathematical equation used to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales.
Table – Absolute pressure (kPa), Temperature (C), Temperature (K)
L6- Text box
[ K= ]

28. Data Analysis Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
2. Create a best fit line (linear fit) of data using the ˚C values for T.*
Note: the equation of the best fit line gives:
P = kT
(y = mx )
*To Apply a Curve Fit:
Tap to open the tool palette.
Tap to open the Curve Fit screen.
Tap the name of the curve fit required.
Graph – Absolute pressure (kPa) vs. Temperature (C)

29. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Data Analysis
3. Use the equation of the best fit line to solve for absolute zero in units of ˚C. Show your work.
Hint: Absolute zero is the temperature when pressure equals zero.
L456 – Text Box
[ Equation of best fit: ]
[ Work: ]
[ Absolute zero = ]

30. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Data Analysis
4. Calculate the percent error of your experimental value of absolute zero (the accepted value of absolute zero is ˚C). Show your work.
(accepted value - experimental value)
x 100
percent error =
accepted value
L456 – text box
[ Work: ]
[ Percent error = ]

31. Data Analysis Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
5. Determine the constant k for the five data points collected using Kelvin temperatures. Enter the constants into the table.*
*To Enter Data into a Table:
Tap to open the tool palette.
Tap then tap a cell in the data table to highlight it in yellow.
Tap to open the Keyboard screen.
Table– Absolute Prssure (kPa), Temperature (C), k (constant) (kPa/K)

32. Data Analysis Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
6. Determine the constant k for the five data points collected using ˚C temperatures. Enter the constants into the table.*
*To Enter Data into a Table:
Tap to open the tool palette.
Tap then tap a cell in the data table to highlight it in yellow.
Tap to open the Keyboard screen.
Table- Absolute Pressure (kPa), Temperature (C), k (constant) Kpa/C

33. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Analysis
Was pressure divided by temperature a constant when using temperature values measured in ˚C? Why or why not?
Was pressure divided by temperature a constant when using temperature values measured in K? Why or why not?
Are pressure and temperature directly or indirectly proportional? How do you know?
L4 – Text box
[ When using Celsius temperatures, pressure divided by temperature… ]
L5 – Text box
[ When using Kelvin temperatures, pressure divided by temperature… ]
L6 – Text box
[ Pressure and temperature are… ]

34. Analysis 4a. What is the Kelvin temperature scale based on?
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Analysis
4a. What is the Kelvin temperature scale based on?
4b. What is special about 0 K?
L456 – Text box
[ 4a. The Kelvin temperature scale is based on…]
[ 4b. Zero Kelvin… ]

35. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Analysis
Calculate the pressure of the air inside the test tube if it were warmed to °C. Show your work (there are several steps)!
L456- text box
[ Work… ]
[ Pressure = ]

36. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Synthesis
Another lab group did the same experiment using a syringe instead of a test tube. Could this cause a problem? Explain.
L456 – Text box
[ Using a syringe instead of test tube… ]

37. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Synthesis
Explain why an over-inflated tire may pop when it is driven fast on a hot day.
L456 – Text box
[ An over-inflated tire may pop when driven fast on a hot day because… ]

38. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship between the pressure of a gas and Kelvin temperature? A) B)
L6 – Text box
[ The best choice is… ] C) D)

39. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Multiple Choice
Why does pressure become zero at a temperature of absolute zero?
At absolute zero all molecular motion stops.
At absolute zero there is a complete vacuum.
At absolute zero the gas volume is very small.
At absolute zero all the energy of the gas is given off as light.
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

40. Multiple Choice What is the equivalent of 413 K in Celsius?
Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Multiple Choice
What is the equivalent of 413 K in Celsius?
-273˚C
0˚C
140˚C
696˚C
237 K
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

41. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Multiple Choice
If a container of gas is at a temperature of 27 ˚C and a pressure of 800 torr, what would the pressure of the gas become if the temperature were doubled to 54˚C?
1600 torr
400 torr
872 torr
734 torr
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

42. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Multiple Choice
If the temperature of a gas in a closed, rigid container decreases, the pressure inside this container will _________________.
increase
decrease
stay the same
Either A or B depending on the type of gas.
L6 – text box
[ The best choice is… ]

43. Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Congratulations!
You have completed the lab.
Please remember to follow your teacher's instructions for cleaning-up and submitting your lab.
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44. References Absolute Zero (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
All images were taken from PASCO documentation, public domain clip art, or Wikimedia Foundation Commons.
PENGUINS
THERMOMETER
FLAMES
ICICLE
SNOW FLAKE
STOP SIGN
WEATHER
BALLOONS
HOT WARNING
EYE WASH
BEAKER
CRUSHED ICE
GLASS OF WATER
CALCULATOR
TWO GAS CYLINDERS