1. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 1 A United Europe? A Common Heritage? The Legacy of Antiquity

2. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 2 independent ‘city-states’ (‘polis’) grew up surrounding mountains provided protection they built encircling walls and a fort (‘acropolis’) was built on a high place inside Athens & Sparta were the two most important of manyAthensSparta each had own customs, laws & forms of government they tended to expand towards Black Sea & Africa they were very competitive with each other they fought hard for freedom, especially against the PersiansPersians they were traders, sailors & adventurers also philosophers: influenced many faraway cultures built philosophies based on observation, reason & discussion Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC LINK 2LINK

3. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 3 they triumphed at Battles of Marathon & Salamis around 480BCMarathon from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each other in the Peloponnesian War Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so the city-states never became a united country city-states united to fight off the Persiansthe Persians disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They gave us language, architecture, philosophy and democracy ….. Alexander the Greatlanguagearchitecture philosophydemocracy A biography of Alexander the Great Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC More photos of Ancient Greece The Elgin Marbles The Parthenon one / two / threeonetwothree (the importance of the Battle of Marathon)

4. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 4 sons of freemen went to school girls were taught weaving & household skills by mothers at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music, dancing & athletics they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called a ‘stylus’

5. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 5 a new Greek colony is established Inside the city wall will be a marketplace, temples, law courts, houses, workshops and council chambers

6. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 6 A United Europe? A Common Heritage? Rome Republic & Empire

7. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 7 legend has it that Rome was founded by local tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills the people were Sabines and Latins; Romulus was their first King they were influenced by their neighbours the Etruscans and traders from Greece & Carthage the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states emerging around 800 BC they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers & traders, and liked music, games & gambling they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and worshipped Greek Gods The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC LINK BBC

8. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 8 early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies to defend Rome the kings had disputes with the patricians, the leading families the patricians were more representative of a changing, more urbanised Rome they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509 BC, leading to the Republic this was the first republic in the world The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC LINK

9. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 9 Rome was run in the 5th century BC by ‘patricians’ (lords, the ruling class) there was a struggle between Patricians and Plebians (ordinary people) this led to the writing of a legal code and the Roman Republic Rome embarked on wars that led to control of all the Italian peninsular Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the Mediterranean, leading to Punic Wars lasting 60 years Rome established new cities, organisation and prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman citizenship if they cooperated by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south of the Danube, Anatolia &Northern Africa The Roman Republic – 509 to 27 BC LINK

10. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 10 The Roman Empire – built on military power the sad story of Hannibal & Carthage onetwo

11. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 11

12. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 12 in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and plebians again power struggles between generals led to civil war in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life, but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and the Republic collapsedJulius Caesar Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian gradually took control under him, trade extended as far as East Africa, India & China the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and cities Emperors relied more on the army than on the people most Emperors chose their successors; some were deposed by soldiers from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors: Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius & Marcus Aurelius by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large; soldiers could no longer be paid with booty, slaves and land taken from those conquered the last conquests were in Britain, Syria, Palestine & Egypt; most conquered people adapted to Roman life The Roman Empire – 27 BC to 475 AD LINK Pompeii

13. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 13 The Romans great builders of antiquity great builders of antiquity The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only for transport of people and goods, but also for water. They built magnificent aquaducts all over their Empire, and some are still in use today. Hadrian's Wall between Scotland & England

14. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 14 The Romans great builders of antiquity famous monuments famous monuments fast communications, meaning good roads, were one of the Romans’ greatest assets in the conquest and control of their Empire most of their roads were straight; many of the routes they followed can still be seen to this day

15. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 15 The Roman Empire, 2 nd century AD

16. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 16 The Roman Empire – built on military power

17. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 17 The Roman Empire – built on military power

18. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 18 The Roman Empire – built on military power The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC

19. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 19 The Roman Empire at its height under Trajan, 337 ad The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

20. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 20 Latin brought to Italy about 1000 BC by Indo-European immigrants from Northern Europe. As people in Latium developed into organized community, city of Rome in, according to legend, 753 BC Latin quickly spread over much of Italy, in direct correlation to Roman conquests with foundation of Roman Empire, large portion of western world came to speak various forms of Latin or combine it with own tongues "classical" Latin developed in city of Rome and environs; a spoken vernacular form of Latin was carried by Roman army to all Roman provinces Latin thus superceded pre-Roman dialects of Italy, Gaul and Spain some expressions of the original languages remained and, once mixed with the spoken Latin, gave birth to new languages known as the Romance languages only the deeply rooted Greek language resisted Latin domination and continued to be spoken in its original form The Importance of Latin The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

21. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 21  Latin also survived fall of Roman Empire; as centuries passed it continued to be an international language of educated and social elite, accompanying the modified tongues of the common people  Latin often an international Lingua Franca between different peoples; use among educated people survived for centuries  the sole language of the Catholic Church was Latin  all scholarly, historical, or scientific work was written in it up to end of Renaissance  when Middle Ages ended, the west experienced a cultural Renaissance; interest in Antiquity & classical Latin as a means of artistic and literary expression grew  during and after this period of rebirth, forms of Latin even transplanted to the Western Hemisphere; today, the people of Mexico, Central America, and South America are called Latins or latinos The Importance of Latin The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

22. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 22 Latin is the bedrock of Western European languages the Romance languages of Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Romania developed from a hybrid version of spoken Latin and native tongues each also influenced in turn by other tongues, such as Slavic, Norse and many Germanic dialects of these modern languages, Romanian, not Italian, remains the closest living language to the original without Latin, very few of today's European languages would be possible or recognizable in their current forms The Importance of Latin The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

23. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 23 The Latin Language amoI love amas you love amathe/she loves amamuswe love amatisyou love amantthey love AMARE = to love insulanominative (subject) insula you love insulamaccusative (object) insulaegenitive insulaedative insulaablative INSULA = an island an amateur photographer (= lover of photography) an amorous look … I’m not enamoured of … an example of insular thought I live on a peninsular. (pen = almost) The machine is poorly insulated. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

24. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 24 The Latin Language – noun inflections insulanominative (subject) Insula bella est. insula you love O insula, te amo insulamaccusative (object)Insulam amo insulaegenitiveInsulae dicit. insulaedativeHistoriam insulae amo insulaablativePuer insulae est. INSULA = an island...... The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome Some latin phrases

25. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 25 Roman Architecture Roman monuments can be found in most parts of Western Europe. They are very familiar to all Europeans, and a permanent reminder of the Roman Legacy The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome The Colosseum, Rome

26. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 26 Roman Architecture The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome The Colosseum, Rome

27. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 27 Roman Architecture The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome Roman baths at Bath, England

28. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 28 Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome

29. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 29 The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome Le Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France