1. COURSE IN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY

2. COURSE LITERATURE Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мови. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2003 Korunets I. Сontrastive Typology of the English and Ukrainian Languages. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2003, pp. 118-178 Арбекова Т. Пракический курс лексикологии английского языка. – М.: Просвещение, 1981 Minayeva L.V. English Lexicology and Lexicography. – M.: Астрель, 2007

3. WORD-FORMATION WORD-FORMATON is a branch of linguistics that is major in studying the formal structure of the word, its components and their meanings

4. WHAT IS MORPHEME? MORPHEME is a minimal formal word component bases on the association of the given meaning with a given sound pattern

5. TYPES OF MORPHEMES MORPHEME AFFIXES STEM ROOT

6. WHAT IS ROOT? ROOT is a semantic nucleus of a word with which no grammatical properties of this word are connected.

7. WHAT IS STEM? STEM is a part of word that remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which the grammatical inflections and affixes are added. E.g. boy-boys-boyish-boyhood; happy-happiness, happy-unhappy-unhappiness drama-dramatic-dramatical-nondramatic- nondramatical-dramatism

8. WHAT IS AFFIX? AFFIX is a minimal word component that possesses its own lexical and grammatical meaning that gives the extra-semantical components to the word and determines its grammatical properties. E.g. poet-poetess, waiter-waitress, do-does, pretty-prettier-prettiest, make- remake-unmake

9. TYPES OF AFFIXES Affixes prefix suffix infix a derivational morpheme standing before the root and modifying its meaning a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech an affix placed within the word

10. WAYS OF WORD-FORMATION CompositionShorteningBlendingOnomatopoeiaReduplication type of word-formation in which the word is combined by two or more stems. Closed: mirk+wood=mirkwood note+book=notebook Hyphenated: six-year-old, mother-in-law Open: post office, prosecutor general, middle class the syllable or part of the original word is omitted. omnibus – bus, are not – aren’t vegetarian - veg a combination of two words that includes the letters or sounds they have in common as a linking element. oil+billionaire=oilonaire melody+drama=melodrama motor+hotel=motel Forming words by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by things or living beings. Hush, bark, pee-wee, om-nom, quack Formation of the new words by doubling the same stem. There also can be change of vowels and consonants. Hush-hush, blah-blah, criss-cross, hurdy-gurdy, see-saw.

11. WAYS OF WORD-FORMATION (CONT.) AcronymyReversion (Back- Formation) ConversionSubstantivationEtymological Doublets a method to form a word by the first letters of the significant components in a word-combination. E.g. North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO derivation of new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure. E.g. orator - -er> orate, lecher + -er> lech, peddler + -er> peddle, escalator + -er> escalate, editor + -er> edit, swindle + -er> swindle, sculptor + -er> sculpt, hawker + -er> hawk. process that assigns an already existing word to a new word class (part of speech) or syntactic category. E.g. Henry downed a pint of beer. Melissa went to town and did a buy A process of transferring the adjective into a category of a noun. E.g. a private, the private’s uniform, a group of privates; the rich, the poor, the injured, captive, conservative, criminal, female, fugitive, grown- up, intellectual, male, mild, native, neutral, radical, red, relative two or more words of the same language which were derived by different routes from the same basic word. E.g. hole-whole, cloack-clock, grammar-glamour

12. WHAT IS POLYSEMY? POLYSEMY is a co-existence of various meanings of the same word at a certain historical period of the language development.

13. HOW DOES POLYSEMY DEVELOP? 1. RADIATION is a semantic process in which in a group of meanings one is central and the others proceed put of it. 2. CONCATENATION is a semantic process when the meanings or some of them move away from their first meaning. 3. SPLIT OF POLYSEMY is a process when a new meaning looses all its connections with all the other meanings and starts its independent existence.

14. WHAT IS HOMONIMY? HOMONIMY is a phenomenon at which the words of the same or close pronunciation and different spelling have different meanings. Such words are called homonyms. accept-except, aisle-isle, gilt- guilt, mail-male

15. WHAT ARE HOMOPHONES? HOMOPHONES are the words of the same sound, yet they have different spelling. for-four-fore, feet-feat, beat-beet, ate-eight, sail-sale, right-write, ant-aunt, see-sea

16. WHAT ARE HOMOGRAPHS? HOMOGRAPHS are the words written in the similar manner but with different sound and meaning. axes - the plural of ax or axe/the plural of axis desert - a hot, arid region/to leave or a tasty meal at the end of the course does - female deer (plural)/present, third person singular form of the verb “do” wind - to turn/moving air wound - turned/an injury

17. WHAT IS SYNONYMY? SYNONOMY is a relation of several words different in sound and morphemic components but identical within a part of the speech and lexical meaning. Such words are called synonyms. They create a synonymic group where the words can be distinguished by connotation, shades of meaning and idiomatic use. Synonymic dominant is a dominant element of each synonymic group containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of this group. Beautiful – fine-pretty-nice-cool- gorgeous-handsome Dark – darkness-shadow-gloom- mirk (murk)-obscuration Calculate – compute-reckon- estimate

18. TYPES OF SYNONYMS Ideographic (the same notion with different shades of meaning) Ascent – to mount – to climb Happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance Stylistic (words of different stylistic features) Child-infant-kid Die-to kick the bucket Contextual (words similar in meaning only under some specific conditions) cleverbrightbrainyintelligentDever-clever neutral Only speaking about younger people by older people Is not used by the higher educated people Positive connotation Stylistically remarked

19. TYPES OF SYNONYMS (CONT.) Local (words that do not differ either ideographically of stylistically but are used in different regions or countries speaking the same language) Lift – elevator Queue – line Autumn – fall Total (words that coincide in all the shades of meaning and in their stylistic features, may replace each other in different contexts) Total-absolute

20. WHAT IS ANTONYMY? ANTONYMY is a relation between pair of words based upon opposing their lexical meaning. Such words are called antonyms They create antonymic pairs. Beautiful-ugly Good-bad Accurate-approximate Create-destroy

21. TYPES OF ANTONYMS Gradable (represent rather more-or-less relations): hot-cold, fast-slow, increase-decrease Complementary (if you are one, you cannot be another ): live-dead, legal-illegal, beginning-end Converse (relationship between two or more things): above-below, before-after, buy-sell, lend-borrow

22. WHAT IS HYPONYMY? HYPONYMY is a relationship of inclusion of some words in a group of similar words. HYPERNIM is a major word of this group identifying a general class HYPERONYM is a word included to the group of words with the identical specific meaning FLOWER – daisy, poppy, tulip, forget-me-not

23. WHAT IS PHRASEOLOGY? 1. a branch of linguistics that deals with studying the phraseological units 2. a whole set of the phraseological units in the language

24. WHAT IS PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT? PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT is a word-combination with its own fixed lexical meaning that hardly can be judged by its individual components.

25. TYPES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS Idiom (a group of words the meaning of which is difficult or impossible to understand from knowing the words considered separately): as easy as a pie, to crown it all, lame duck, red tape, bed of nail Set expression (a group of words characterized by their stability, fixed and ready-made nature): at the beginning, at the end, get to the point Semi-fixed combinations (groups of words permitting a certain substitution of their elements): to go to the (cinema, theatre etc.), give a lift (ride) Free phrases (group of words permitting substitution of any of its elements without semantic change in the other element or elements): She was not managing to cut much of a figure = to cut a poor figure (to be inimportant) Phraseological fusion (word combinations in which the meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole by its expressiveness or emotional background): tit for tat, to and fro, apples and oranges, under the rose, once in a blue moon Phraseological unity (word combinations the emotional quality of which is based on the image created by the whole; may be easily translated and allow certain substitutions) to know the way where the wind is blowing, to stick to smb.’s guns, as dead as a doornail, to beat blue and green (to beat black and blue), to come to one’s sense, to fall into rage

26. TYPES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (CONT) Phraseological combinations (word groups containing one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively): to make an attempt, to make haste to offer an apology Proverbs (a short familiar epigrammatic saying expressing a popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way): East or West home is best. The dog barks, the caravan goes. A road to hell is paved with good intensions. Cliches (phrases that have lost their original expressiveness and became state): in terms of, under conditions that, best regards, avoid like plague, age before beauty, Pandora’s box