1. North America
Territorial Dynamics

2. I. U.S. Core and Peripheries
A. Main core of the US – Main core of the world
Northeast + Manufacturing Belt
Political & economic core of US Power
45% of industrial jobs
Megalopolis
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington D.C.
#1 world gathering of political, economic, financial & cultural powers
Rust Belt
Crisis of traditional heavy industry
automobile industry in Detroit, textiles
Industrial redevelopment
Pittsburg, Cleveland, Buffalo

3. B. Growing integrated periphery
Sun Belt
Oil deposits, high technology, aerospace, robotics, biotechnologies
Very Attractive & integrated periphery
Regions of major growth
Major cities & high tech industries
Silicon Valley in San Francisco area
Silicon Beach in Southern California
Silicon Prairie in Texas
Cascadia around Seattle
Revitalized old south
tourism (e.g. Miami)
new technologies (Atlanta, Research Triangle Park)

4. The Sun Belt and Population Growth Trends 2000-2010

5. C. Margins of US territory used by the core
Corn Belt and Great Plains:
Agro-industrial core of the US and breadbasket of the world
Rocky Mountains, natural areas (National Parks)
Low density of population
Tourism, exploitation of natural resources, energy
Remote States:
Hawaii (tourism & tropical agriculture)
Alaska (oil deposits and geostrategic location)

6. II. Territorial Dynamics which demonstrate US world power
US power concentrated in urban areas
World/global cities, urban core of the world
NYC, LA, Chicago
Major metropolises with national or international influence
Washington, D.C.,
New megalopolises in progress
Attracting millions of inhabitants & diverse economic activities (service sectors & R&D development)
Los Angeles/San Diego ; Seattle/Vancouver; Dallas/Houston

7. 2 most important changes in North American city models
Inner cities that were once reserved for business and a ring of the poorest-quality housing are being “revived.”
Suburbs have begun to take on the roles more typically associated with the CBDs
Urban sprawl = technoburbs

8. Revitalization of business & residential areas of urban centers of US cities in late 20th century
Economic factors
Expansion of service sector, quaternary sector, research facilities
Growth in small businesses – residential districts surrounding city core
Demand for housing in downtown & inner-city neighborhoods
Demographic factors
New household forms : DINKS, yuppies, nontraditional households
Urban policy
Govt/non-profit orgs to revitalize central cities through public policies and incentives
City investment policies/tax incentives
Public-private partnerships
Historic preservation
Sense of place
Emotional attachment to central-city locations based on cultural amenities, landscape features, lifestyle factors
Video: Dismantling Urban Highways/Reimagining the Commons: Philadelphia 1’38

9. B. Interfaces open the USA to the world
Main maritime interfaces w/ dynamic ports
San Francisco, Houston, Miami, NYC
Flows of capital, goods & workers on dynamic cross-border areas
Mexamerica and the maquiladoras
Main Street
Cascadia
Major intl airports (hubs) What are the 8 major hubs?
LA, Phoenix, Dallas/Ft Worth, Miami, O’Hare, JFK, Philadelphia, Washington Dulles, Charlotte Douglas Intl
Internal migration flows (labor force & capital)
Strengthen southern periphery (push & pull factors)
External migration flows (immigration) strengthen the Sun Belt (push & pull factors)

10. C. Regional and global integration of the US
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Dynamic economic exchanges benefiting the US
Main waterways linking the US to rest of world
Mississippi, Great Lakes & St Lawrence River
Main intl flows w/ Triad
Eastern Asia & Western Europe

11. Part II Brazil in South America

12. Organization of Territory
In Brazil

13. II. USA and Brazil: global role dynamic areas
Video: Brazil’s Rising Star 60 minutes

14. A. Strong insertion in the global economy
Brazil and the U.S. are two major agricultural and industrial powers
Except Vale and Petrobras, few Brazilian firms compete against American ones
US firms dominate on the world stage:
Agro-food business (Cargill, Kraft Foods),
IT (Microsoft, IMB, Apple),
petroleum (Exxon, Mobil),
pharmaceutical (Pfizer)

15. 1. Both countries possess a vast domestic market which stimulates the service sector
Unbeatable superiority of US firms in several industries:
insurance (AIG)
retail (Walmart)
entertainment (Time Warner, Walt Disney)
Rapidly evolving economic sectors in Brazil
rising standard of living
emergence of a strong middle class

16. 2. Brazilian Growth is much more sustained than the U.S.’
Mostly due to flows of FDI
1st trade partner with Brazil is China
1st foreign investor = China
$30 B in 2010 vs 5 B in the U.S.
Despite this, Brazil ranks only 21st as global exporter of merchandise

17. B. Political-military influence very unbalanced
1. American power based on an enormous military-industrial complex
Largest military budget in world ($600 B/yr)
U.S. Military force twice the size of Brazil’s
Global military deployment by the U.S.
Plays the role of the world police
Often denounced as imperialistic
Brazilian political cartoonist: Latuff 2011
Title: Obama arrives in Rio
Bubble: Where’s the petroleum?

18. 2. Brazil’s Political Weight is largely inferior to the U.S.
Brazil’s diplomatic influence on the world stage remains very low
Despite Brazil’s recent extension of its embassies network
Despite sending the largest contingent of UN peacekeeping forces to Haiti

19. 3. Brazil is self-proclaimed political spokesperson of the South
Former president Lula activated his South-South solidarity with emerging and Portuguese-speaking countries
WTO: Lula criticized protectionism of Northern countries
Brazil has evolved from net receiver of development aid to net giver
BUT Brazilian aid remains much inferior to that of the U.S.

20. C. Cultural Americanization (Soft Power)
US has initiated cultural models which are spread worldwide
Malls, fast-food, mainstream culture (cinema, TV series, social media) characterize the American model of mass consumption
Based on the “American dream”, the American way of Life attracts the largest immigrant population in the world

21. 1. Brazil unable to rival U.S. cultural domination
Brazil great producers of TV series exported in more than 130 countries (primarily Eastern Europe and Middle East)
Video: Trailer Avenida Brazil
Brazilian culture has reduced impact due to lack of Portuguese speakers on world stage

22. 2. Cultural hegemony of Brazil is more regional than global
Main media group in Latin America : Globo
Television, cinema, press
Brazil’s ambitions are planetary - organizing international sporting events
Football World Cup in 2014
The Olympic Games in 2016 (Rio de Janeiro)

23. D. U.S., Brazil: Territories which reflect their power
1. 2 immense territories but unequally controlled
Surface area of US 9.8 million km²
Surface area of Brazil 8.5 million km²
15-17 times the size of metropolitan France
Major challenge: transportation networks
New York & Sao Paulo highest rail traffic in world
Brazil: air traffic more than doubled from 2004 to 2010 but planes used less often than U.S. despite long distances

24. 2. Metropolises, mirrors of power in North & South America
Main metropolises in Brazil & the U.S. along the coastline
Historical Populating of both countries from the coastline
Similar urbanization rate (Brazil: 87% US: 82%)
Cities of the American Sun Belt (Phoenix, Dallas, Las Vegas) and those of the Northwest of Brazil (Manaus, Fortaleza, Brasilia) have grown the most rapidly

25. Cities at the Heart of Power
Concentration of political functions (Brasilia, Washington)
Financial functions (stock markets of New York, Chicago & Sao Paulo)
Research Poles
Silicon Valley & San Francisco
Amazon Basin (earth sciences, biodiversity) & Minas Gerais
Manufacturing
Tourism (Miami and Rio de Janeiro tourist spots attracting global population)

26. 10 Largest Metropolises in the U.S. and Brazil
City
Population (millions of inhabitants)
Sao Paulo
19.9
New York 19
Los Angeles
12.9
Rio de Janeiro
11.5
Chicago
9.6
Dallas-Fort Worth
6.4
Philadelphia 6
Houston
5.9
Miami
5.5
Washington, D.C.

27. Metropolization: merging American & Brazilian urban models
Brazilian cities increasingly resemble American metropolis models
Organized around a Central Business District
Concentrates the functions of power
Phenomenon of urban sprawl
Video Ted Talks: Eduardo Paes - Mayor of Rio de Janeiro -
The Future of Cities,
March 2012, 12”21

28. Sao Paulo 2,000 migrants arrive per week! Population: 20 million
Rapid urbanisation causes overcrowding
2,000 migrants arrive per week!
High birth rate and lowering death rate (Rostow stg. 3)
Internal rural to urban migration mainly from the poor NE region of Brazil.
Pull factors of Sao Paulo
50% of industry is clustered in & around Sao Paulo
Manufacturing (vehicles, machinery, textiles & shoes)
Also iron ore is found around Sao Paulo Booming construction industry
Many businesses including coffee exports
  Improved roads & rail communication have encouraged migration

29. Impacts of Urbanization on People & the environment
creation of large slums or ‘Favelas’

30. Characteristics of Squatter Cities
Housing materials are collected from available resources, e.g. corrugated tin
Little sanitation
No running water
No cooking facilities
Illegal hookup to electricity, if any
No political voice
Lack of social services

31. Spatial Distribution of Favelas
On the periphery of the cities in LDCs around the world.
In Europe and Latin America the rich choose to live in the culturally-rich inner city, the opposite is sometimes true in North American cities

32. 3. Other Aspects in Common
Both Countries populated by Pioneers
Highly religious culture but little religious conflict
Rich natural resources exploited
Energy
Brazil highly dependent on hydroelectric power – 80%
Brazil developing wind energy + biofuels
Thanks to recent oil reserves discovered offshore, Brazil is self-sufficient in petroleum unlike the U.S.

33. 4. Risk Management less effective in Brazil than the U.S.
Brazilians vulnerable to tropical storms
Flooding killed a thousand people near Rio in 2011
Southeast of the US is particularly exposed to cyclones, tornadoes and flooding by the Mississippi

34. Homework
U.S. “croquis” due March 18th (see blog for blank map and legend)
Reading Homework (texts on blog)
Measure of America Quick Facts 2014
Detroit Rust Belt
2 Americas: Brazil vs. US
Brazil takes off
Brazil’s Future