1. Second Temple Period Innovation or Anachronistic Interpretation? The “’Otzar” in Ancient Ritual Baths Yonatan Adler Ariel University Center of Samaria

2. The bath must contain a minimum volume of water which would allow for the full immersion of an adult, a volume measured in rabbinic metrological terms as forty se’ah, probably equivalent to about half of a cubic meter. This minimum volume of water must derive from either rain or spring-water channeled directly into the mikveh, as drawn-water would render the bath unfit for ritual use. 1. 2.

3. Over 850 Ancient Mikva’ot Throughout the Country

4. “’Otzar” Immersion Pool Connecting Pipe Method # 1

5. “’Otzar” Immersion Pool Connecting Pipe Method # 2

10. History of Research

11. “’Otzar” Connecting Pipe Immersion Pool

12. “’Otzar” Immersion Pool Connecting Pipe

13. Immersion Pool “Otzar” Connecting Channel Jericho, Hasmonean Period (Pools F176-F182)

14. “’Otzar” Immersion Pool Jericho, Herodian Period (Pools A[M]537-A[M]538)

15. Immersion Pool“Otzar” Connecting Pipe Herodium

16. Immersion Pool “Otzar” Connecting Pipe Jerusalem Area T-4 of the Jewish Quarter Excavations

17. MIQWA’OT (JEWISH RITUAL IMMERSION BATHS) IN ERETZ-ISRAEL IN THE SECOND TEMPLE AND THE MISHNAH AND TALMUD PERIODS THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE ‘DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY’ TO THE SENATE OF THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY, JERUSALEM BY RONNY REICH 1990

19. Miqwa’ot without an ’Otzar (265) Miqwa’ot with an ’Otzar (17) Miqwa’ot With a Questionable ’Otzar (18)

20. The “’Otzar” in Textual Sources

21. They may purify mikva’ot, whether a higher [pool] from a lower [pool], or a distant [pool] from one which is nearby. How so? One brings a pipe of earthenware or of lead and places his hand beneath it until it is filled with water [from one pool], and he has drawn it along and brought [this water] into contact [with the water of the other pool]; even if it touches by a hair’s breadth – it suffices. (Mishnah, Mikva’ot 6:8)

22. If there were forty se’ah in the upper [pool] and nothing in the lower, one may draw water [in vessels, carry them] on the shoulder, and pour [the drawn-water] into the upper pool until forty se’ah [of water] flows down into the lower [pool]. (Mishnah, Mikva’ot 6:8)

23. Rabbi Moses Schreiber (Sofer) Pressburg-Bratislava Responsum dated December 14, 1813

24. A Re-examination of the Archaeological Data in Context

25. Immersion Pool “Otzar” Connecting Pipe Jerusalem Area T-4 of the Jewish Quarter Excavations 7 m 3

28. Immersion Pool “Otzar” Connecting Channel Jericho, Hasmonean Period (Pools F176-F182) 22 m 3

29. What was the Function of the So-Called “’Otzar” Installations?

30. Immersion Pool “Otzar” Connecting Pipe Immersion Pool

31. Connecting Pipe “Otzar” Immersion Pool

32. “Otzar” Immersion Pool Gamla Synagogue Complex

33. Immersion Pool Gamla Synagogue Complex “Otzar” Settling Tank

34. Immersion Pool Connecting Channel “Otzar” Water Reservoir

35. Concluding Remarks

36. Rabbi David Münzberg inspecting the mikveh in the southern casemate wall of Masada (February 11, 1964)