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Blood
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What do you know???
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Why is it called the "river of life"?
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Function: 1. Transport: gases, nutrients, wastes
2. Transport of processed molecules: -substances made in one part of body and transported to another part of body -ex. Vitamin D, Lactic acid 3. Transport of regulatory molecules 4. Regulation of pH & osmosis pH 5. maintain body temperature 6. Protection against foreign substances 7. clot formation
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Components:Plasma and formed elements
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Plasma: -55% of blood -made of: 90% water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, gases -plasma proteins (made by liver): 1. albumin - helps osmotic pressure of blood to keep blood in bloodstream 2. Fibrinogen - clotting protein 3. globulins - antibodies for defense and lipid transport proteins are not used by cells
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plasma amount is regulated by body systems
1. if proteins too low - liver produces more 2. if blood too acid (acidosis) - or too basic (alkalosis) - kidneys and lungs help bring pH back to normal (pH ) plasma also distributes body heat through body
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Formed elements (cells)
-45% of blood - include red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes)
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Red blood cells - erythrocytes
function - carry oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide too -are anucleate at maturity -contain few organelles -contain hemoglobin - (protein with iron)
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-lack mitochondria -make ATP by anaerobic fermentation - so don't use oxygen they carry -biconcave disk (think snow tube!) -1000 RBCs to 1 WBC -add thickness to blood -1 cell = 250 million hemoglobin molecules -5 million cells /cubic mm -contains g hemoglobin/100ml
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Problems with RBCs: 1. anemia - decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood causes: low # of RBCs RBCs don't have enough hemoglobin in them Several types of anemia: a. hemorrhagic anemia - due to blood loss b. hemolytic anemia - bacteria lyse RBCs c. pernicious anemia - lack of B12 d. aplastic anemia - bone marrow destruction e. iron deficiency anemia - low iron in diet
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f.sickle cell anemia cause: genetic defect - abnormal hemoglobin made (must have 2 copies) mostly in people of African descent RBC becomes sickle shaped
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-become sickle shape when low oxygen - during
-become sickle shape when low oxygen - during exercise, anxiety, stress -dam up blood vessels -low oxygen delivery to cells -symptoms: pain, jaundice, tired, inability to fight infection -diagnosis: blood test -treatment: folic acid -helps produce RBC, pain meds -prognosis: can live full life, some deaths immune to malaria
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2. polycythemia - increase in number of RBCs
cause: bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera), high altitudes (secondary polycythemia) increases blood viscosity, makes circulation harder especially if clogged arteries
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Leukocytes- white blood cells (WBC)
function: fight off infection caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells -removes dead cells and debris -4,000-11,000/mm3 -have nuclei (DNA) -move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis (amoeboid movement) -respond to chemicals released in body -positive chemotaxis -body can produce double amount in a few hours
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Leukocytosis- Greater than 11,000 cells/mm3
-indicates an infection Leukopenia - low white blood count -caused by meds - corticosteroids, anticancer agents Mononucleosis -cause Epstein Barr virus -symptoms - sore throat, fever, tired, enlarged spleen -spread in saliva, mucus - "kissing disease" -diagnosis - blood test, questions -treatment-goes away on own
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Leukemia- cancer of the blood cells
-body produces abnormal cells -different types acute leukemia - blood cells remain immature (blasts) chronic leukemia -some blasts present, progresses more slowly -symptoms:-fever, chills, fatigue, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, easy bruising/bleeding, bleeding gums, joint pain -diagnosis:medical history, blood test, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture -treatment:radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant
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Leukocytes - two main groups of cells:
1. Granulocytes - have granules in cytoplasm a. neutrophils - most common, alive for hours phagocytes, found in pus
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b. eosinophils - reduce chemicals to decrease
b. eosinophils - reduce chemicals to decrease infection, rid body of parasitic worms, regulates inflammatory response
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c. basophils - release histamine to promote
c. basophils - release histamine to promote inflammation, releases heparin - prevents clots
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2. Agranulocytes- lack granules
a. lymphocytes- smallest white blood cells -produce antibodies
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made in bone marrow: B-lymphocytes - oversee immunity of bodies' humors (fluids) -mature in bone marrow T-lymphocytes - arise from cells that migrate to thymus for maturity (2-3 days) regulated by thymosin hormone -circulate through body - go after pathogens infected cells both of these migrate via blood to lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues
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precursor to macrophage
b. monocytes - largest white blood cell become macrophages - phagocytize bacteria, dead cells precursor to macrophage
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Platelets -fragments of large multinucleated cells (megakaryocytes) -aka thrombocytes -300,000/mm3 -produced in red bone marrow -function - clotting of blood
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Hematopoiesis -blood cell formation -happens in red bone marrow
-stay in bone marrow until mature, then go to rest of body
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hemocytoblast = stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells
two types: lymphoid stem cell - becomes lymphocytes myeloid stem cells - all other cells red blood cells live ~ 120 days gotten rid of by phagocytes in spleen, liver and other tissues synthesize hemoglobin young red blood cell - reticulocyte - still contains ER takes 5 days to mature from hemocytoblast
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Erythrocyte production control
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white blood cells and platelets is stimulated by hormones
(colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins) stimulates bone marrow to produce leukocytes exposure to bacterial toxins stimulates macrophages/lymphocytes to release CSFs and interleukins thrombopoietin - hormone that helps makes platelets
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Hemostasis -blood clotting process- results from break in blood vessel Three major steps: a. platelet plug formation b. vascular spasms c. coagulation
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1. Platelet plug formation:
-if blood vessels break - collagen fibers are exposed, cause platelets to get "sticky" -anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to make platelet plug (white thrombus) 2. Vascular spasms: -platelets release serotonin - causes blood vessels to spasm -narrows blood vessel, decreases blood loss, before clotting
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3. Coagulation events: -thromoboplastin is released by injured tissues -PF3 (phospholipid) coats platelets and reacts with thromobplastin, other clotting factors and calcium ions - cause clotting cascade -prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin (enz) -thrombin joins with fibrinogen to make long hairlike fibers called fibrin -fibrin forms mesh network that traps other platelets and RBCs to form clot -clot hardens to form scab -serum = plasma minus clotting proteins - clear fluid that seeps from wounds -takes 3-6 minutes to clot, once clotting cascade starts -applying gauze and pressure speed up clotting
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Hemostasis disorders:
1. thrombus = clot that develops and stays in unbroken blood vessel -if forms in heart vessels - causes heart attack -if floats freely in blood stream = embolus -no problem unless gets into small vessels it can't get through. cerebral embolus = stroke -anything that causes roughening of blood vessel can cause clotting -severe burns, physical blows, cholesterol build-up, blood pooling -treatment: anticoagulants - aspirin, heparin, coumadin
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Bleeding disorders: 1. thrombocytopenia - insufficient # of platelets in blood -normal movements causes bleeding from blood vessels -petechiae = purplish blotches -cause- bone marrow cancer, radiation, drugs 2. Vit K deficiency - Vit K needed by liver to produce clotting factors 3. Hemophilia - "bleeder's disease" -lack of certain clotting factors -factor VIII = 75% - most common -sex linked trait -use transfusions or injections of clotting factor
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Blood Groups -Karl Lansteiner (1900) discovered four different types
-due to specific presence or absence of agglutinogens (carbs, glycoproteins or glycolipids) on surface of RBC
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24 blood groups with 100 antigens
-rarest type MN ABO blood groups based on type A and type B antigens agglutinogens = antigens = substance that the body recognizes as foreign -stimulates the release of antibodies (agglutinins)for defense -we tolerate our own, get reaction if come in contact with different types of blood antigens -antibodies "recognize" and attach to RBC antigen causing agglutination (clumping) -can cause kidney failure
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To figure out what blood type children would be: use Punnett Squares
Type A blood = AA or AO Type B blood = BB or BO Type AB blood = AB Type O blood = OO so if parents are: AB and AO, children could be A B A AA AB O AO BO
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Rh factor = another antigen on the surface of RBCs
can be Rh + (has antigen) or Rh- (no antigen) -named after the Rhesus monkey where it was first discovered -normally not a problem unless mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+ -first pregnancy - mother starts building antibodies against Rh factor -second pregnancy - mother's body will try to reject baby -baby can be born with hemolytic disease -baby is anemic, hypoxic, brain damage if left untreated -treatment: transfusing the baby at birth
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now injection of RhoGam (anti Rh gamma globulin)is all that is
needed to prevent mother from producing antibodies
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Importance of blood typing:
-so no agglutination (clumping) cross matching = testing to make sure donor blood is compatible How is it done? test blood with antiserum (Anti A and Anti B) RBCs of type A will clump with anti A serum RBCs of type B will clump with anti B serum RBCs of type AB will clump with both anti A and Anti B) RBCs of type O will not clump with either anti A or Anti B Rh factor typing is same but with anti Rh
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When is blood typing needed?
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Blood tests: 1. red blood cell count males million RBC/mm3 females million RBC/mm3 2. Hemoglobin 14-18 gm/100ml - males 12-16 gm/100ml 3. Hematocrit = % of total blood volume composed of RBC 40-50% of total blood volume (male) 38-48% of total blood volume (female)
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4. White blood cell count total # of WBC in blood /ml3 5. platelet count 250, ,000/ml3
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Developmental aspects of blood
-embryo - liver and spleen also make blood cells -by 7th month of development - red marrow does most production -fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is different than mature hemoglobin - has more oxygen carrying capability -after birth have hemoglobin (HbA) =typical -jaundice happens in infants when liver can't process all of the destroyed RBCs fast enough
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