1. Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of the humerus and the femur. Blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow found in flat bones (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal epiphyses of the humerus and the femur.

2. Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte (RBC) production Hormone that controls rate of erythrocyte (RBC) production Is produced by the kidneys Is produced by the kidneys Targets the bone marrow Targets the bone marrow

3. Formed Elements Accounts for 45% of whole blood Accounts for 45% of whole blood Erythrocytes Erythrocytes Leukocytes Leukocytes Platelets Platelets

4. Plasma Liquid portion of the blood – accounts for 55% of whole blood Liquid portion of the blood – accounts for 55% of whole blood Is 90% water Is 90% water Helps to distribute body heat evenly Helps to distribute body heat evenly

5. Albumin Is a plasma protein Is a plasma protein Regulates osmotic pressure of blood Regulates osmotic pressure of blood Helps to keep water in the bloodstream Helps to keep water in the bloodstream

6. Megakaryocytes Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells They rupture and release thousands of pieces that seal off from surrounding fluids They rupture and release thousands of pieces that seal off from surrounding fluids

7. Platelets Are needed for the clotting process Are needed for the clotting process Formerly called thrombocytes (platelets) Formerly called thrombocytes (platelets)

8. Thrombus A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel

9. Embolus When a clot (thrombus) breaks away from a blood vessel and floats freely in the bloodstream When a clot (thrombus) breaks away from a blood vessel and floats freely in the bloodstream Potentially life threatening Potentially life threatening

10. Hematocrit The volume of a blood sample The volume of a blood sample

11. Leukocytes White Cells Leukocytes White Cells Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Are White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Protect, defense, immunity Protect, defense, immunity Account for less than 1% of total blood volume Account for less than 1% of total blood volume Are complete blood cells: contain nuclei and organelles Are complete blood cells: contain nuclei and organelles

12. Diapedesis Means “leaping across” Means “leaping across” WBC’s are able to slip in and out of blood vessels as needed WBC’s are able to slip in and out of blood vessels as needed

13. Leukocytosis An increased white blood cell count An increased white blood cell count Could be indicative of a bacterial or viral infection Could be indicative of a bacterial or viral infection

14. Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count Abnormally low WBC count Commonly caused by certain drugs, and anticancer medications Commonly caused by certain drugs, and anticancer medications

15. Granulocytes Contains granules (appears as grains of sand) Contains granules (appears as grains of sand) Are “philled” with sand Are “philled” with sand Types: Neutrophils Types: Neutrophils Eosinophils EosinophilsBasophils

16. Neutrophils Act as avid phagocytes at site of acute infections Act as avid phagocytes at site of acute infections

17. Eosinophils Kills parasitic worms Kills parasitic worms Tend to increase during allergies Tend to increase during allergies

18. Basophils Rarest form of WBC’s Rarest form of WBC’s Contains histamines at sites of inflammation Contains histamines at sites of inflammation

19. Agranulocytes Lack visible organelles Lack visible organelles Include: lymphocytes and monocytes Include: lymphocytes and monocytes “are a “cyte” for sore eyes” “are a “cyte” for sore eyes”

20. Lymphocytes Part of the immune system Part of the immune system Reside in lymphatic tissues Reside in lymphatic tissues

21. Monocytes Are the largest WBC Are the largest WBC Change into macrophages Change into macrophages Help fight chronic infections Help fight chronic infections

22. Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Are anucleate Are anucleate Have few organelles Have few organelles No mitochondria No mitochondria Have biconcave disks for increased surface area for Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Have biconcave disks for increased surface area for Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide

23. Polycythemia Excessive or abnormal increase in RBC’s Excessive or abnormal increase in RBC’s May result from: 1) bone marrow cancer May result from: 1) bone marrow cancer 2) High altitudes Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish flow Leads to increase viscosity, sluggish flow

24. Hemoglobin (Hb) Is an iron containing protein Is an iron containing protein Transports oxygen Transports oxygen Also binds with CO2 Also binds with CO2 250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC 250 million HB molecules in 1 RBC Normal levels 12-18g/100ml of blood Normal levels 12-18g/100ml of blood Males: 13-18g; Females: 12-16g Males: 13-18g; Females: 12-16g

25. ABO Blood Groups 2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the other, both or none 2 Antigens (A or B) inherits one or the other, both or none Absence of both antigens = Type O Absence of both antigens = Type O Presence of both = Type AB Presence of both = Type AB Either A or B if just one antigen present Either A or B if just one antigen present AB type is universal recipient AB type is universal recipient O type is universal donor O type is universal donor

26. Agglutination Binding of the antibodies causing RBC’s to clump Binding of the antibodies causing RBC’s to clump Leads to clogging of small blood vessels Leads to clogging of small blood vessels

27. Antigens Is recognized as “foreign” Is recognized as “foreign” Stimulates release of antibodies from the immune system Stimulates release of antibodies from the immune system Over 30 common RBC antigens Over 30 common RBC antigens

28. Disorders of the clotting process Undesirable Clotting Thrombus Thrombus embolus embolus Bleeding disorders Thrombocytopenia – is a platelet deficiency Thrombocytopenia – is a platelet deficiency Hemophilia – lack Pf factors for clotting Hemophilia – lack Pf factors for clotting

29. Hemophilia Hereditary bleeding disorder Hereditary bleeding disorder “bleeder’s disease” “bleeder’s disease” Patients are given fresh plasma or injections of missing platelet factor (Pf) Patients are given fresh plasma or injections of missing platelet factor (Pf)

30. Hemostasis Hem = blood Hem = blood Stasis = standing still Stasis = standing still Means stoppage of blood flow Means stoppage of blood flow

31. Heparin Body’s natural anticoagulant Body’s natural anticoagulant

32. Coagulation To clot

33. Fibrin Is converted from fibrinogen to fibrin Is an insoluble protein formed during blood clotting process

34. Process of Blood Clotting Is a multistep process: 1. Vascular spasms – of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall producing a vasoconstriction resulting from serotonin. Lasts up to 30 minutes Lasts up to 30 minutes Makes the platelets “sticky” as they are produced Makes the platelets “sticky” as they are produced

35. Process of Blood Clotting 2. Platelet plug forms – damaged blood vessel releases Von Willebrand’s Factor. Platelets release ADP causing aggregation and a plug to form Platelets release ADP causing aggregation and a plug to form An increase in the “stickiness” results An increase in the “stickiness” results

36. Process of Blood Clotting 3. Coagulation (clotting phase) Platelet Factor III (PF3) releases thromboplastin. PF3 and Calcium forms an activator producing a cascade effect. PF3 and Calcium forms an activator producing a cascade effect. Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted to Thrombin (an enzyme) Prothrombin (in the plasma) is converted to Thrombin (an enzyme) Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.” Formation of Fibrinogen (plasma protein) to Fibrin to trap platelets “meshwork.”

37. Process of Blood Clotting Entire process normally takes 3 – 6 minutes A sudden and severe loss of blood leads first to shock and eventually death A sudden and severe loss of blood leads first to shock and eventually death Use direct pressure to help Elevate body part above the heart to allow gravity to take effect

38. 3 phases of hemostasis (process of blood clotting): Vascular spasms – decreases the flow of blood to the area Platelet plug formation – platelets become “sticky” and cause chemical release to form clot Coagulation – prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin

39. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/es p/2002_general/Esp/folder_stru cture/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/es p/2002_general/Esp/folder_stru cture/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm