1. Diction
AP Lexicon, Lecture 1

2. Diction
Word choice
Diction can refer to specific word choices or the general character of language chosen by the author
Three areas to consider
Appearance
Sound
Meaning

3. Semantics
The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.

4. Single Liberty Summer Monday A Quick Activity…
Draw the first thing you think of when I say…
Single
Liberty
Summer
Monday

5. Denotation vs. Connotation
The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.
Monday:–noun the second day of the week, following Sunday.
The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.
Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.
Monday: the beginning of the work week or school week, often negatively associated with stress, lack of sleep, overwhelming responsibilities, a loss of freedom, etc.

6. More on connotations: The room was so small, everyone felt ________.
The _________ entered the city quickly and without incident.
She excitedly showed us around her _________.
cramped
cozy
liberators
invaders
dwelling
home

7. Sound of Words Pleasant sounding words Harsh sounding words
Euphonious
Cacophonous
Pleasant sounding words
Long vowels are better than short vowels
“Liquid” consonants: l, m, n, r
Soft consonants: v, f, th, wh, sh, w, y
Harsh sounding words
Short vowels rather than long vowels
“Plosive” consonants: b, d, g, k, p, t
More challenging to say
Flow is broken up by harsher sounding letters

8. Sound of Words
Euphonious
Cacophonous
Upon Julia’s Voice Robert Herrick So smooth, so sweet, so silvery is thy voice, As, could they hear, the Damned would make no noise, But listen to thee (walking in thy chamber) Melting melodious words to Lutes of Amber.
From Dulce et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge.

9. Monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic
Words are one syllable in length
Often creates a sense of urgency or simplicity
Words are more than one syllable in length
Often creates a sense of complexity or a more erudite effect

10. Monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic
“I did not want to see the bank. There were shots when I ran and shots when I came up the first time. I heard them when I was almost above water. There were no shots now” (Hemingway 225).
“All about stretched drying cornfields, of the pale-gold colour, I remembered so well… Along the cattle-paths the plumes of goldenrod were already fading into sun- warmed velvet, grey with gold threads in it. I had escaped from the curious depression that hangs over little towns, and my mind was full of pleasant things” (Cather 287).

11. Informal vs. Formal Professional, educated, and academic language
Dignified, elevated, and perhaps impersonal.
Elaborate, or sophisticated vocabulary. Polysyllabic
“I just need to gather my belongings.”
Conversational; often appropriate for conversations but not professional or academic documents.
Plain language of everyday use, including slang, jargon, vulgarity, and dialect. Monosyllabic.
“I just gotta get my stuff.”

12. Informal vs. Formal
Informal
Formal
“But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable” (Adler).
“It's funny how people and bookstores sell used books on Alibris.com and Amazon.com” (Peter).

13. Colloquialism
The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone.
Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.
Often considered a subset of informal diction
“Ain’t everybody’s daddy the deadest shot in Maycomb County” (Lee 112).

14. Dialect Language spoken by people in a region or group
“I’d made up my mine ‘bout what I’s a-gwyne to do… So I says, a raff is what I’s arter; it doan’ make no track” (Twain 44).
Language spoken by people in a region or group

15. Jargon The special language of a profession or group.
Often has pejorative associations
evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders.
Ex: Lawyers, doctors, literary critics

16. Objective vs. Subjective
Impersonal and unemotional
“The pursuit of happiness is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence as a right of all Americans, as well as on the self-improvement shelves of every American bookstore. Yet the scientific evidence makes it seem unlikely that you can change your level of happiness in any sustainable way” (Seligman xi-xii).
Personal and emotional language
“I was something that lay under the sun and felt it, like the pumpkins, and I did not want to be anything more. I was entirely happy… At any rate, that is happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great” (Cather 21).

17. Concrete vs. Abstract Tangible and specific language
Conceptual and philosophical language
“Abstract words such a glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the umbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and dates” (Hemingway 185).

18. Literal vs. Figurative From Dulce et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen
Straight-forward language without embellishment
From The Man He Killed
Thomas Hardy
But ranged as infantry
And staring face to face,
I shot at him and he at me,
And killed him in his place.
Features literary devices, like hyperboles or metaphors
From Dulce et Decorum Est
Wilfred Owen
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, 
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags…

19. Words to describe diction…
Pedantic
Cultured
Learned
Pretentious
Archaic
Scholarly
Ornate
Elegant
Flowery
Didactic
Elevated
Pedestrian
Unadorned
Plain
Detached
Simple
Homespun
Colloquial
Invective
Pejorative
Metaphoric
Poetic
Lyrical
Symbolic
Obscure
Sensuous
Grotesque
Picturesque
Cliché
Abrupt
Terse
Laconic
Vulgar
Slang
Jargon
Exact
Journalistic
Straightforward