1. The Nervous System

2. The Nervous System Page 897
The nervous system is an intricate communication network that coordinates and controls functions throughout the body, responding to internal and external stimuli.

4. Tiny jolts of energy called impulses travel along this network at tremendous speeds.
(243 mph recorded between cells.)

5. Messages travel over many routes carrying information about both the external environment and the internal environment.

6. Location of receptor
Stimulus
eye
light
ear
sound
skin
touch, temperature

7. Chemical reaction on
Produces
tongue
tastes
nose
smell

8. All vertebrates have a nervous system (NS) made up of a: - central nervous system (CNS) and a - peripheral nervous system (PNS).

9. Central nervous system (CNS)
- consists of nerves of the brain and the spinal cord.
coordination center for ingoing and outgoing information.

10. - covered by three protective membranes
- covered by three protective membranes. These membranes are called the meninges. (With meningitis, these membranes swell.)

11. - Between the inner two layers is a clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which:
- absorbs shock
- transfers nutrients to the brain
- removes wastes from the brain

12. CNS is composed of:
a. Brain: - control center - covered in grey matter (cerebral cortex) which has many deep folds in it called fissures. (These increase the surface area.) - also protected by skull

13. The Brain
There are over 100 billion nerve cells in the brain.

14. b. Spinal cord:
- carries sensory messages from receptors to the brain and motor messages from brain to muscles and glands
- also controls many reflex responses
- white matter on the outside; grey on the inside
- protected by the vertebrae

15. Developing fetus at 10.5 mm

17. Parts of the brain Cerebrum (p. 902):
- largest and most highly developed
- intelligence, thinking,
creativity, reasoning, memory
- voluntary activities of the body

18. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe: controls speech, motor activities (muscles), learning, judgement, creativity, organization
Parietal lobe: perception, recognition, touch, temperature, memory
Occipital lobe: vision, interpretation
Temporal lobe: senses (smell, taste, hearing), some memory

19. THE CEREBRUM IS ALSO DIVIDED INTO TWO LAYERS:
Outer, cerebral cortex, gray matter which consists of tightly packed nerve cell bodies.
Inner, white matter, consists of bundles of axons with myelin sheaths.
Connects the cerebral cortex and the brain stem.

20. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres (right and left, each controlling and receiving information from the opposite side of the body)

21. Corpus callosum:
- Connects the two hemispheres
Brain stem:
- Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and midbrain, that connect the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

22. Pons: Cerebellum: Medulla Oblongata
Bridge between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Cerebellum:
Balance, muscle tone
Medulla Oblongata
Involuntary muscles
Internal organs
Heart rate, respiration

23. Thalamus:
-Part of the brain that lies just below the cerebrum
- Acts as a relay station by receiving impulses from most of the sensory neurons and directing these impulses to the part of the brain where each will be interpreted.
-Screens out less significant stimuli (prevents sensory overload)

24. Hypothalamus:
Coordinates NS and endocrine system

25. The Spinal Cord Carries thousands of messages at once
Main communication link between brain and the rest of the body
Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord
Certain kinds of information, including some reflexes, are processed directly in the spinal cord.

26. Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of all the nerves and associated cells which are not part of the central nervous system.
Is divided into the:
Sensory division: transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS
Motor division: transmits impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands.

27. Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
The motor division is further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

28. The somatic nervous system regulates activities that are under conscious control (ie. the movement of the skeletal muscles)
(Some somatic nerves are also involved with reflexes and can act without conscious control.)

29. Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system regulates body activities that are automatic or involuntary.
(ex. When a person is running, the autonomic nervous system speeds up heart rate and blood flow, stimulates sweat and adrenal glands, and slows down the contractions of the smooth muscles of the digestive system.)

30. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into two parts:
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
which have opposite effects on the same organ system. (Think gas and brake when driving a car.) (Sympathetic nervous system speeds up heart rate; parasympathetic slows it down.)

32. Neurons
The messages carried by the nervous system are called impulses.
Neurons (the cells that carry these impulses) are classified into three types, depending on the direction the nerve impulse travels along them:
Sensory neurons - sense organs (receptors) carry impulse to spinal cord and brain
Motor neurons - carry impulse from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Interneurons - connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between the two of them

33. The Nervous System - page 897

34. Draw and label the diagram of neuron from the board.

35. All organisms respond to changes in their environment
All organisms respond to changes in their environment. A reaction to stimulus is called a response.
A stimulus is a change in the environment that induces a response. These stimuli are received through specialized receptors.

36. Receptors are classified in many different. ways
Receptors are classified in many different ways. One way is by the type of stimulus detected.

37. Mechanoreceptors respond to physical force such as pressure (touch or blood pressure) and stretch.
Photoreceptors respond to light.
Thermoreceptors respond to temperature changes.
Chemoreceptors respond to dissolved chemicals during sensations of taste and smell and to changes in internal body chemistry such as variations of O 2, CO 2, or H + in the blood.
Nociceptors respond to a variety of stimuli associated with tissue damage. The brain interprets the pain.

38. The parts of the body that respond to messages coming from the brain and spinal column (muscles, glands) are called effectors.