1. BY: PEDICATRIC PANDEMIC Carcinogenesis

2. Are there differences in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis associated with chemical, radiation, or dietary carcinogens?

3. What is Carcinogenesis? Carcinogenesis is the production of cancer cells or the process of normal cells transforming into cancerous cells. A carcinogen is substance that is known to be capable of causing cancer and what causes the process of carcinogenesis to begin. When these carcinogens get into the cells of the body systems they damage the DNA (genetic material) of the cell by changing it. The cell then becomes mutated and starts to grow and divide uncontrollably into multiple mutated cells. Different types of carcinogens include: chemical, radiation, and dietary carcinogens

6. Chemical Carcinogens Chemical agents, physical agents, and viruses may be factors that introduce chemical carcinogenesis to a person’s body. Some chemical carcinogens include:  Chemical Mixtures  Industrial Chemicals  Drugs  Naturally occuring compounds These carcinogens can be detoxified, which means cellular damage can be avoided in the body. When the chemical carcinogens are changed by the physical and chemical processes of the body, they are able to become highly reactive compounds and can damage the person’s DNA.

7. Radiation Carcinogens Some radiation carcinogens include:  Gamma rays  X-rays  UV radiation  Nuetrons Their carcinogenic activity is based on the amount of radiation emmitted. All of the cells in one’s body are responsive to damage by ionizing radiation. The amount of damage is in relation to “the physical parameters that determine the radiation does received by the particular cells or tissue” (Little, paragraph 4).

8. Dietary Carcinogens These are known as naturally present carcinogens. Some examples of when these carcinogens form are:  Naturally present  Substances that are changed into carcinogens in the body  During food preparation  Preservatives and coloring agents that are added to food There are genotoxic agents that cause genetic alterations in relation to carcinogenesis inducing tumor promotion-associated phenomena. Promoters of dietary tumors are not as obviously specified by their modes of action, but they do cause cell proliferation with or without accompanying chronic cell damage.

9. Chemical Radiation Dietary Is divided into two categories: 1. Microcomponents 2. macrocomponents and total calorie intake. These types cause and induce tumors in cetain organs of the body before they go into carcinogenesis and mutate the DNA Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are produced by cooking high protein food such as; meat and fish. The mutation spectra of tumors produced by HCAs are similar to those of human cancers. Is divided into two categories: 1. Microcomponents 2. macrocomponents and total calorie intake. These types cause and induce tumors in cetain organs of the body before they go into carcinogenesis and mutate the DNA Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are produced by cooking high protein food such as; meat and fish. The mutation spectra of tumors produced by HCAs are similar to those of human cancers. When chemical carcinogens are introduced to one’s body, they are changed through either a physical or chemical process, which allows them to become highly reactive and do severe damage. Radiation can cause many different kinds of DNA damage such as; damage to nucleotide bases, cross-linking, and DNA single- and double-strand breaks (DSBs). Differences?

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