1. By Susan Song, Julienne Kim and Kelsey Osborn
The skeletal system
By Susan Song, Julienne Kim and Kelsey Osborn

2. BONE FUNCTION: Support and Protection
Give shape and provide protection to head, face, thorax, and limbs 
Structural support for heart, lungs and marrow 
Protection for brain, uterus, and other internal organs 
Attachment sites for muscles allowing movement of limbs   

3. BONE FUNCTION: Body Movement
Movement is possible through of the attachment of bones to muscles. (Tendons)
Bones and muscles interact as mechanical devices called levers.
4 basic components of levers: 1) rod or bar
2) pivot point ) object moving against resistance
4) force supplying energy
McGrallHill Textbook

4. BONE FUNCTION: Blood Cell Formation
3 groups of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Also called hematopoiesis
Begins in the yolk sac, later occurs in the liver and spleen, and finally in bone marrow
Marrow: soft mass of connective tissue found within medullary cavities of long bones, spongy bone, and central canals of compact bone tissue
2 kinds of bone marrow: Red marrow and yellow marrow

5. Continued…
Red marrow: formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
In infants, red marrow occupies the cavities of bones
Yellow marrow: stores fat. Is not active in blood formation
However, if needed, can become red marrow, then reverts back to yellow marrow

6. BONE FUNCTION: Storage of Inorganic Salts
The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is rich in calcium salts
Vital Metabolic processes require calcium
When blood is low in calcium, osteoclasts break down bone tissue, which releases calcium salts into the blood
High blood calcium activates osteoclasts and causes the release of calcitonin, which stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue.
Excess calcium is stored in the extracellular matrix

7. Bones Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue.
Come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure
Lightweight, yet strong and hard
Rigid and has a honeycomb-like, three-dimensional internal structure.
Includes marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, and blood vessels
There are 206 bones in the adult human body and 270 in an infant.

8. Ligaments Connect bone to another bone
Allow most joints to move help control their range of motion
Stabilize them so that the bones move in proper alignment
Collagen makes up the tissue in most ligaments.
Collagen fibers allow to stretch significantly when they move, such as when the elbow is bent or straightened.

9. Tendons
Tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connect muscle to bone
Capable of withstanding great tension.
Similar to ligaments and fasciae as they are all made of collagen but ligaments join one bone to another bone, and fasciae connect muscles to other muscles.
Tendons and muscles work together

10. Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the body like the rib cage, the ear, the nose.
Provide support, frameworks, and attachments
Protect underlying tissues
Form structural models for developing bones
Not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.
3 types: elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Do not contain blood vessels and as a result, heals very slowly.
/about/wayne.schaefer/TissuesPage.htm
/2009/10/fibrocartilage.html

11. Bone Development and Growth
The skeletal systems begins to grow during prenatal development
Continues to grow into adulthood
Form by replacing existing connective tissues
2 types of bone formation: Intramembranous and endochondral

12. Bone Development and Growth: Intramembranous Ossification
Formation of flat bones like the skull   
Connective tissue forms in sheets at sites of future bones
Highly invested with blood vessels. 
The future bones are first formed as connective tissue membranes.
Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes and deposit bony matrix around themselves.
As a result, spongy bone tissue forms in all directions within the membrane layers
Periosteum: cells of the membranous tissues that lie outside the developing bone
Osteoblasts lie within the periosteum and form compact bone around spongy bone

13. Endochondral Ossification:
Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue.
Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed in this manner.
Primary Ossification Center
Secondary Ossification Center
Future bones first form as hyaline cartilage models.
3rd month after conception: the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage models fills with blood vessels and osteoblasts and changes into a periosteum.
The osteoblasts form a collar of compact bone around the diaphysis. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis begins to disintegrate.
Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone.
Continues from the center toward the ends of the bones.
After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity.
As the developing bone increases in length, cartilage continues to disintegrate
When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced by bone but a region of hyaline cartilage remains over the surface of the epiphysis as articular cartilage

14. McgrawHill Textbook

15. Features of a Typical Long Bone
(Shier)

16. Axial v. Appendicular Skeletons
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs

17. Major Bones of the Body: Anterior View
Skull
Sternum
Clavicle
Ribs
Humerus
Coxa
Ulna
Radius
Metacarpals
Carpals
Phalanges
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Fibula
Tarsals
Phalanges
Metatarsals

18. Major Bones of the Body: Posterior View
Scapula
Vertebral Column
Floating Ribs
Sacrum
Coccyx

19. Joints of Different Tissue

20. Joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Lie closely between one another
Thin layer of dense conn. tissue
I.e. sutures on skull bones
Cartilaginous
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Separate the vertebral column
Synovial
Mostly of all joins
Allows free movement
Complex structures

21. Pivot Gliding Hinge Six Synovial Joints Condyloid saddle
Ball-and-socket
Condyloid
Pivot
Hinge
Gliding

23. http://frankduffy93. files. wordpress. com/2012/10/abductionadduction

27. http://d3j7fudf8o8iuo. cloudfront

28. http://www. baileybio. com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04

30. http://www. baileybio. com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04

31. Osteoporosis=porous bone
Thinning and weakening of the bone
More common to women
Low bone density and low dietary sodium intake
Hips, wrists, and spine
Considered a ‘silent disease’
Can be prevented or treated with a healthy lifestyle; correct diet, exercise, and medications such as bisphonates
Osteoporosis=porous bone

32. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Congenital Disease
More common within shorter stature
Bones become weaker
Damages in the gene for type 1 collagen
Blue tint to the whites of the eye, hearing losses, and multiple fractures
No definite cure

33. Bone Tumor Abnormal growth of bones Genetics, radiation, injury
Symptoms: Pain (night) and fractures
Treated like most cancers

34. Work Cited
"Bone tumor - PubMed Health." National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb < "Osteogenesis imperfecta - PubMed Health." National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. 23 Feb < "NIHSeniorHealth: Osteoporosis - What Is Osteoporosis?." NIHSeniorHealth Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb < Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, Print.