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The Civil War
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Civil War War between the Northern (Union) and Southern (Confederate) states
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“From Bull Run to Antietam
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Causes of the Civil War Regional differences between the industrial North and the agrarian South Question of slavery in the territories Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act inflame passions Abraham Lincoln is elected President Lower South secedes Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter
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Strengths of South Most officers were Southern Defensive position
Fighting to preserve their way of life and right to self-government
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Strengths of North Twice the railroad tracks Twice as many factories
Balanced economy More money Government, Army and Navy Larger population
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Strategy of North Naval blockade of southern ports ordered by Lincoln
Would stop South from shipping cotton to Europe and from receiving goods from Europe Gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the South Anaconda Plan
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South’s Strategy Prepare and wait (wanted to go in peace); defensive war War of attrition – wear down enemy; failed to realize that the North had more resources But…the North had stopped exports of cotton and Europe turned to Egypt and India
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Jomini’s Art of War The standard textbook taught to all trained military leaders of the Civil War Emphasized the importance of position and maneuvering your troops Battles were seen as unnecessary if you were able to capture important points (the high ground) Try to force enemy from his position from your BETTER position
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Tactics and Technology
Generals trained in European warfare of having masses of troops charge New rifles and artillery were more accurate and deadly; bullet shaped ammunition and rifling Artillery could fire shells and canisters Commanders were slow to change tactics
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Why the techniques didn’t work….
Both sides tried to use these techniques at the beginning of the Civil War Both sides had the same strategy and knew the drills cold
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So…a New Style of Fighting Developed
There was a lot of shooting but not a lot of aiming! The element of surprise became important The troops advanced though “minie” balls, sulfurous smoke, and loud noise from cannon fire, Hand-to-hand combat was important after the ammo ran out
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The Divisions of the Civil War Army
Cavalry Artillery Infantry
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Johnny Reb and Billy Yank
The “common man” soldier Enlisted and usually infantry Generally aged 17-25 Died by the thousands
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Who were these common soldiers???
If a Northerner: Could not pay someone to fight for them If a Southerner: Did not own 20+ slaves Died by the thousands on both sides throughout the war Paid the ultimate price for their convictions
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The Union’s Strategy Defend Washington with the Army of the Potomac and try to capture Richmond Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in half Blockade the South (Anaconda)
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The Confederacy's Strategy
Turn back every Union advance until the British or French joined their side Fight defensively Make the people of the North weary of fighting Force Lincoln to negotiate “A war of attrition”
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The Campaign of 1861 “Our battle summer…” A short and painless war
90-day enlistments were common “ A short vacation from the plow” “An excursion party to the Sunny South”
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The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
July 21, 1861 General Irvin McDowell-North General P.G.T. Beauregard-South Railroad used to move troops Sightseers watch; North flees Casualties: North 2900; South 2000
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The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
Took place north of Richmond, VA Congressmen, reporters, socialites, and curiosity seekers came to watch the “show” Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson became Confederate hero Fierce gun fire surprised both sides
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The Union Panics and Retreats…
Spectators in carriages and with picnic lunches were trampled by troops and peppered with gunfire A Confederate win Washington DC is VERY close by “What if……????????”
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1862 and Stalemate The British and the French did not join the Southern cause Lincoln evokes the wartime powers given to him by the Constitution (the loss of the writ habeas corpus) cut the heads of the “copperheads” Robert E. Lee takes over the Confederate Army
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The Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee)
A surprise Confederate attack by General Joseph Johnston’s 4000 Rebel troops Grant was reportedly still drunk from the night before The bloody battle lasted throughout the next day 11,000 Southern losses and 13,000 Northern losses Mass graves were dug… “Shiloh was a horror”
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Lessons from Shiloh (April 1862)
The war would be a long one and a bloody one Both sides would suffer great losses Fraternization between the two sides ceased between battles The idea of the “summer battle” was no longer boasted about by either side
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War in the East Monitor and the Merrimack
Merrimack was wooden ship with iron plates bolted on Merrimack damaged three wooden ships Wooden navies now obsolete
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War in the West General George McClellen led Northern Army; ordered to build and train the army General Ulysses Grant led Northern Army in the West to try to seize the Mississippi River
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Forts Henry and Donelson
Used gunboats Forts in Tennessee and fell to Grant Nashville fell to federal troops Grant moved farther south toward Mississippi
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Mississippi River Naval squadron under David Farragut seized New Orleans for the Union He captured Baton Rouge, La and Natchez, MS Took Memphis, TN on June 6, 1862 Only Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA remained for the North to capture to split the Confederacy
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Peninsular Campaign Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from being captured by the North McClellan was too cautious Moved army east of Richmond Heavy casualties in the Battle of Seven Pines
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George McClellan
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Robert E. Lee Trained at West Point, he takes command at the Battle of Seven Pines Well liked by his troops Served as President of Washington and Lee University after the war
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The South Goes on the Offensive…
General RE Lee now in Charge!!!! Second Battle of Bull Run Stonewall Jackson attacks from the rear and General Lee from the front Another Confederate Victory!
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The War at Sea Union sailors assigned to the blockade had many long, boring days at patrolling sea waiting for action Confederate sailors however on commerce-raiding ships destroyed or captured more than 250 northern merchant ships and $15 million in ships and cargo
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The Union’s Ironclad The Union Monitor was an odd shaped ship “that resembled a cake tin riding on a platter”.
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The Confederate's Ironclad
The Confederate Merrimac (Virginian) was an old battleship that had been armed with iron plates that covered it in the shape of a tent
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The Clash of the First Ironclads
On March 9, 1862 the two ships battled for 5 hours Technically a draw The Merrimack had to withdraw for repairs so it became known as a Union win
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Battle of Antietam Lee invaded Maryland, hoping for European support
McClellan delayed after getting battle plans of Lee; Sept. 17, 1862 North lost 12,000 and Lee 14,000; retreated to VA; As Lee withdrew, McClellan did not attack Bloodiest one-day battle of war
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The Battle of Antietam President Davis was not happy with Lee’s defensive victory’s and wanted him to make a major push north His army of 40,000 met McClellan’s 80,000 men at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, VA McClellan found Lee’s battle plans, due to a fatal stroke of bad luck The Rebel forces lost 25% of their men
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Life Behind the Lines
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Southern Constitution
Recognized states’ rights and slavery Needed to build loyalty of southerners Fewer resources than North
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Draft Required military service
Law required 3 years service for white men from 18 to 35; later moved to 50 Large slave owners excused; wealthy hired substitutes
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Economy Confederate government regulated commerce and railroads
Farmers paid 10% of produce to war effort Income tax imposed Borrowed slaves for labor
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Help from Europe No recognition (official acceptance of government)
Great Britain built privateers for the Confederacy Europe decided to wait and see who would win
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Politics in the North Strained relations with Great Britain
North removed Slidell and Mason from British ship, the Trent, and then had to free them Demanded $19 billion for damages by privateers from Great Britain
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Republicans 1862, passed Pacific Railroad Act: gave land and money to companies for construction of railroad from Nebraska to Pacific Coast Homestead Act: free land Tariff to protect industry
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Economy of North Federal income tax
Internal Revenue Act of 1862: tax on certain items such as liquor, tobacco, medicine, and ads Created national currency: greenbacks
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Wartime Actions Delaware secure
Maryland: arrested disloyal representatives Missouri: supported uprising to overthrow pro-Confederate state government Kentucky: martial law
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Northern Draft 1863, military service for white males 20 to 45.
Could pay $300 or hire a substitute to serve
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Opposition to War Riot over draft: 100 died in New York City
Copperheads (Democrats): said freed slaves would take jobs 13,000 imprisoned for opposition
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Writ of Habeas Corpus Legal protection requiring that a court determine if a person is lawfully imprisoned Constitution allows suspension during a rebellion 13,000 Americans imprisoned without trial; newspaper editors and elected state officials
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Emancipation Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation Freed slaves in areas of rebellion against the government
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Effect of Proclamation
Inspired southern slaves to escape to the protection of Union troops Encouraged African Americans to serve in the Union army
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Contraband Seized possessions would be kept by the enemy; included slaves Used to build fortifications, etc. 1863, used to fight South
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African American Soldiers
By ,000 African Americans had enlisted Served in all-black regiments th Massachusetts Infantry, under Colonel Robert Gould Shaw attacked Fort Wagner; lost half his men
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Hardships of War South’s economy: food shortage
Men at war; women worked Inflation Army deserters
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North’s Economy Industry boomed Women worked
Some products were shoddy and fell apart
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Prison Camps Andersonville, Georgia
Held 35,000 Northerners, kept in a fenced open area 100 died a day of starvation or exposure Commander hanged later
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Medical Conditions 1 out of 4 soldiers died Women cared for sick
Clara Barton: “angel of battlefield” American Red Cross Disease killed more than guns
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The Tide of War Turns
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Battle of Fredericksburg
General McClellan replaced with Ambrose Burnside Burnside attacks Lee in VA by charging into Confederate gunfire Union casualties 13,000
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Battle of Chancellorsville
Burnside resigns Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker takes over for North Lee split forces to counter Hooker approaching from the rear; builds fires in camp
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Lee and Jackson
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Chancellorsville May, 1863; On the second day, Stonewall Jackson attacked on right of Hooker Jackson scouting at night and is hit by own troops; arm amputated; died
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1863…. The Battle of Chancellorsville
General Lee had 60,000 troops General Hooker had more than double that amount Lee took a chance and divided his army and took Hooker by surprise Known as Lee’s last great victory although the South technically lost more men The Confederates mourned the loss of Stonewall Jackson
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The Siege of Vicksburg Vicksburg an important trading
center was high on a rocky cliff on the Mississippi River City was considered impassable General Grant created a new plan…assault the society and the civilians who live nearby! After several successful confrontations, he settled down for a successful 7-month siege Vicksburg surrenders on July 4, 1863
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Battle of Gettysburg North at low point due to losses
Lee weakened by blockade and lack of supplies Lee hoped North would give up if he won in Pennsylvania
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Lee’s Biggest Mistake General James Longstreet, Lee’s second in command He advised Lee not to attack the North’s strong position But…Lee orders the attack
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The Gettysburg Campaign
Lee decided to threaten Washington DC by way of Pennsylvania At first everything went his way, and he caught the Union soldiers off guard General Meade was looking for Lee and Lee was looking for a shoe factory They found each other in a little town called Gettysburg
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The 3-Day Battle Begins…
The Rebels were on Seminary Ridge and the Union was on Cemetery Ridge Lee attacked and almost won on the first day but the Federal line held On day two, the Union held its place on Little Round Top where they could shoot onto advancing troops Remember…the advantage always rests with the _________________?
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July 1, 1863 General George Meade, new Northern general
Northerners held hills south of town; Cemetery Ridge Southerners held Seminary Ridge; field in between
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July 2, 1863 Meade brings reinforcements Little Round Top, undefended
Maine soldiers under Colonel Joshua Chamberlain hold it and then attack with bayonets Saved Union army from retreat
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Day Three: Pickett’s Charge
Between 1:00 and 2:00, General Longstreet was ordered against his will to head across “no man’s land” The “Billy Yanks” were waiting on top of Cemetery Ridge with reinforcements who were loaded with rifles and artillery The “Johnny Rebs” were slaughtered first by artillery and then by minie balls
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1. McPHERSON'S RIDGE 2. THE RAILROAD CUT 3. OAK HILL 4. OAK RIDGE 5. THE ELEVENTH CORPS LINE
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The Results of Gettysburg
The attack was a nightmare for the South that lasted less than an hour but over 10,000 men were dead wounded or missing 5 of 25 commanders were injured; the other 15 were killed and 2 Brigadier Generals were killed. Southern morale was ravaged But a second attack never came…Lincoln was furious. The South was never able to launch an offensive campaign again
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Actual Scene from after the Battle
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July 3, 1863 Lee opens with artillery barrage
15,000 Confederates attack Pickett’s Charge; cut up by Northern artillery; ½ casualties
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Gettysburg Bloodiest battle of war Union had 23,000 casualties
South had 28,000 casualties July 4, 1863, Lee retreats to Virginia
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The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln’s moving speech is among the most famous in U.S. History
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Gettysburg Address Nov. 19, 1863
President Lincoln explained the meaning of the Civil War Freedom and equality belong to all
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After Gettysburg… Southern Campaign
The Tennessee Campaign becomes more important as General William Rosecrans followed orders to push General Braxton Bragg into northern Georgia Union troops then attacked Chattanooga one of the South’s only important railroad centers
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Vicksburg North wanted control of the Mississippi River
General Ulysses S. Grant Several attacks failed Began a siege in May 1863 Surrender July 4, 1863
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Turning Point Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Mississippi River taken by North, cutting Confederacy in two
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A New Birth of Freedom
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Grant Takes Command Lincoln must win battles to win the election of 1864 Grant plans to use North’s superior population and industry to wear down the South
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Battle of the Wilderness
May 5, 1864 in Virginia Grant beaten, but moved south anyway No retreat
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Battle of Spotsylvania
May 12, 1864 Northern losses were huge, with bodies piled four deep Again Grant moves his army further south
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Battle of Cold Harbor June, 1864, armies met eight miles from Richmond
Large Northern losses Grant lost 7,000 Union soldiers in less than one hour
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Siege of Petersburg Grant moved around capital of Richmond and attacks Petersburg In last two months, Grant lost 65,000 men Lee has trouble replacing casualties and waits
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Sherman in Georgia Sherman wanted to seize Atlanta, a rail and industrial center 98,000 Union men Confederate General -Joseph Johnston
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General William Sherman
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Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
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Atlanta Johnston wanted to delay Sherman until after the Nov. elections Mid-July, Sherman is near Atlanta Johnston replaced with General James Hood
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Atlanta Hood engaged Sherman in several battles and lost thousands of men Sherman laid siege to the city Sept. South’s army left Atlanta
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The South’s last true victory… Chickamauga
A surprise awaited Rosecrans, when Bragg hit him hard at Chickamauga just south of Chattanooga The Confederate force of 70,000 beat the Union force of 56,000 one of the bloodiest battle of the war The Rebels lost 18,454 and the Yankees 16,179 in the bloodiest two days of the War. The South’s last true victory… Chickamauga
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“The Battle Above the Clouds”
A fog began to cover much of the top half of Lookout Mountain at 10:00am that morning, obscuring the view of the participants of the battle and the men in the Chattanooga Valley. It was this meteorological phenomena that gave the fighting on its nickname, "The Battle Above the Clouds." “The Battle Above the Clouds”
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“The Rock of Chickamauga”
The Union forces fled back to Chattanooga in part because of General George H. Thomas, a Federal soldier who had remained loyal to the Union Thanks to Thomas, the North was able to retire in good order to the fortifications of Chattanooga
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-William B. Hamilton-- (Lt., 22nd Michigan Infantry, Co. F)
The Rock of Chickamauga Let rebels boast their Stonewall brave Who fell to fill a traitor's grave, We have a hero grander far, The Union was his guiding star, The "Rock of Chickamauga." When foot by foot, stern Rosecrans Round grim Lookout, with bold advance, Pressed back the rebels from their lair, Our Thomas was the foremost there, -William B. Hamilton-- (Lt., 22nd Michigan Infantry, Co. F)
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Grant’s “Total War” Lincoln promoted General Grant to the rank of Lt. General Gave him total command of the Union forces He called off the “gentlemen’s war Make war not only on the Confederate army but on the Southern people as well
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Sherman’s March to Atlanta - 1864
Pickett’s Mill Dallas Kolb’s Farm Kennesaw Mountain Peachtree Creek Jonesborough Ringgold Gap Dalton Rocky Face Ridge Resaca Adairsville New Hope Church
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Grant’s Right Hand Man… William Tecumseh Sherman
Was he mentally ill? Was he a brilliant strategist? How did his plan to cut through Georgia work? How did Atlanta fit into his plan?
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The March to the Sea Some thought Sherman was mentally unstable
He ordered Atlanta burned Cut a 300-mile long path of destruction Captured Savannah in Dec.
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The Election of 1864 Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Vice President, Republicans Former General McClellan, Democrat (Lincoln had relieved him of his command!) Capture of Atlanta helped Lincoln win reelection
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Thirteenth Amendment Passed by Congress in February, 1865
Ratified by the states and became law on Dec. 18, 1865 Ended slavery in the U.S.
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End of the War Sherman moved through South Carolina, burning most houses Did not destroy North Carolina
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Appomattox April 9, 1865 Lee met Grant and surrendered
Grant offered food and ordered celebration by Northern troops ended
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Effects of the War Both sides suffered great losses; more than half a million people died Union preserved Slavery abolished
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Lincoln’s Assassination
April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln while he was watching a play Lincoln died the next day and Booth was killed in Virginia
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John Wilkes Booth
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The Death of a President
Did not live to see the peace he helped to create Conspirators and southern sympathizers plotted against the president Died in office on April 14, 1865
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Lincoln’s Rocking Chair
at Ford’s Theatre Bed in which Lincoln Died
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Lincoln Laying in State
Funeral Hearse Funeral Procession
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John Wilkes Booth
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Other Conspirator’s
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How would the South be Treated After the War??
Welcomed Back?? Or…paid back??? Find out in Chapter 15… Reconstruction!!!
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