1. Tuesday, November 18th Turn in homework – Age of Jackson vocab
Test review quiz
The Age of Jackson
Identify the key players in the election of 1824 and its aftermath including the formation of new parties
The change which resulted in Jackson’s victory in the 1828 election
Identify the significant events of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson including the Trail of Tears
Election of 1828 worksheet

2. Election of Andrew Jackson
The Age of Jackson
Election of Andrew Jackson

3. Passing of the Torch
On July 4, 1826 both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died
During this period, the Founding Fathers who had worked to create and guide the nation passed away
Left a political void which was hard to fill; a new generation of leaders was needed
When Jefferson and Adams died, John Quincy Adams (J.Q.A) was in his first term as President
Not very effective or popular
His chief political opponent was Andrew Jackson

4. Election of 1824
Election was to succeed James Monroe, last Founding Father to serve as President
Election of 1824 between Jackson and J.Q.A was almost even bitter than the election in 1800
Jackson won the majority of the popular vote but failed to win a majority of the electoral votes
Went before the H.o.R. since neither Jackson or Adams received the necessary electoral votes
Jackson was the first President from the West

5. Henry Clay and the Election
During this period the most powerful individual in the H.o.R. was Henry Clay, Speaker of the House
Clay had actually run for President in the election but finished fourth
Clay disliked Jackson and mistrusted his lack of political experience
Said that Jackson’s service in the War of 1812 did not qualify him for the complexities of being President
Clay endorsed J.Q.A for President because he felt Adams would be more sympathetic to his beliefs
Adams supported Clay’s American System

6. Aftermath of the Election
Even with the election over with, it did not stop the fighting
Jackson’s supporters, or Jacksonians, accused J.Q.A of stealing the presidency
The Jacksonians received additional fuel when Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State which they called a corrupt bargain
The bitterness of the election would set the tone for the rest of J.Q.A’s Presidency as well as Jackson’s eventual Presidency

7. New Parties
By 1824 the old Democratic-Republican Party was near collapse
The election sealed the deal as the Dem.-Rep. vote was split four ways among the candidates
Two new parties came out of the election

8. National Republicans Followed Adams and Clay and
Created to oppose the possibility of Jackson becoming President
Focused on the American System:
Internal improvements
Supported tariffs and manufacturing
Supported nationalism
Strong national government

9. Democrats Followed Jackson and Martin Van Buren Focused on:
Created in response to Adams “stealing” of the presidency
Focused on:
An agriculture economy, and opposed tariffs
Weak federal government

10. Election of 1828
Throughout Adams presidency, most states relaxed voting requirement rules which dramatically increased the number of people eligible to vote
No longer had to own property in order to vote in most states
Jackson was quick to capitalize on the change
Characterized Adams as an intellectual elite who was not in touch with the common people
Showed himself as a humble, common man
Born to first-generation immigrants on the Western frontier
First President since Washington not to have a college degree
Jackson won the election by a landslide by connecting with the people and a record number of people came to Washington to see him inaugurated

11. Andrew Jackson

12. Andrew Jackson Had a notorious temper
Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or recklessly curious cared to see it erupt.... typically followed by his own vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record – in duels, brawls, mutiny trials, and summary hearings – listeners had to take his vows seriously.
Had two regrets from his presidency, that he “had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun”
Got in a disagreement with Charles Dickinson who had insulted Jackson wife and refused to honor bets made at a horse track
The two met in May 1806 in Kentucky to settle the dispute in a duel
Dickinson shot Jackson in the chest, inches form his heart, Jackson then shot Dickinson in the chest and Dickinson bled to death
Jackson suffered medical conditions because of the bullet for the rest of his life

13. President Jackson Announced his appointees would only serve four years
Believed without turnover of people, the government would become corrupt and ineffective
Coincided with public corruption investigations into all executive offices
Instituted a spoils system
Removed nearly ten percent of the federal employees, most from Adams’ administration
Replaced them with loyal Jacksonians
Ironically, may have brought in more corruption to the gov.

14. Assassination Attempt

15. Events of Jackson’s Presidency
Jackson’s Presidency is known for four significant events:
Indian removal
Nullification crisis
National bank controversy
Panic of 1837

16. Jackson and Native Americans
During the period there were two attitudes towards Native Americans
Wanted to displace Native Americans from their land and move them out West
Wanted to assimilate them into the American culture (conversion to Christianity)
Jackson believed that assimilation could not work; only effective policy was to move Native Americans out West to avoid confrontation with white settlers

17. Indian Removal Act
Under Jackson’s direction, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which authorized the President to negotiate treaties with Indians which gave them territory beyond the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands in the East
Jackson said of the Act that it was “not only liberal, but generous”
Based on his view that state governments should have the right to govern within their territory
In several cases, Jackson used federal troops to force non-compliant Native Americans off the land
Included Choctaw, Sauk, Fox, Chicksaw, and Cherokee

18. Cherokee Fights Back The Cherokee fought back through the legal system
Marshall refused to hear the first case because Native Americans were not citizens nor foreigners but “domestic dependent nation”
An American named Samuel Worcestor sued on behalf of the Cherokee
Had been a missionary living among the Cherokee but had been arrested for violating a Georgia law which prohibited white missionaries from living on Cherokee land

19. Worcester vs. Georgia
In Worcester vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court recognized that the Cherokee were a distinct community
Georgia did not have the authority to regulate the Cherokee or invade their lands
Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”
Many Cherokee wanted to continue to fight but many began to favor relocation
Gov. recognized those Cherokee and signed a treaty with them which gave them land and 5 million dollars in exchange for their land

20. The Trail of Tears Involved most of the tribes in the East
Choctaw in 1831
Seminole in 1832
Creek in 1834
Chicksaw in 1837
Cherokee in 1838
The Cherokee began the trail in October of 1838
Jackson specifically ordered that the tribes travel over land and not water; wanted t0 punish the tribes
46,000 Native Americans were forced from their ancestral land and homes

21. Map of the Trail of Tears

22. Nu na da ul tsun yi (The Place Where They Cried)
Along the way government officials stole their money, majority of their livestock was stolen
Of the 17,000 Cherokee which started the trail, approximately 4,000- 6,00 died along the way
“I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.”
Had to wait to cross the Ohio River by ferry and took shelter under a nearby bluff because of the cold
Many died due to the weather; others were murdered by locals
Those locals then sued the government for $35 a head because they had to bury the dead Cherokee

23. Thursday, November 20th Take daily quiz
Lesson on states’ rights and the national bank
Identify the significance of the nullification crisis and he the fight over the second B.U.S
Understand the broader fight over states’ rights
Work on Rest in Peace Andrew Jackson worksheet

24. Daily Quiz What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester vs. Georgia?
Following the election of 1824, what was the corrupt bargain?
What change occurred which allowed more men to vote?
What were the two new parties which came out of the election of 1824?
What was Jackson’s position on Native Americans?

25. States’ Rights and the National Bank

26. Tariff Raises the Issue of States’ Rights
The Tariff of 1816 was passed with Southern support in part because the tariff rate would decrease over time
Over time however, the South had gotten fed up with having to pay more for northern manufactured goods and believed the North was getting rich at their expense
Issue came to a head in 1824 and 1828 when Congress passed additional tariffs which raised the tariff rates

27. Issue of the Tariff Highest tariff on imported goods up to that point
South believed that the North was getting rich at the expense of the South
Called a “tariff of abomination” by John C. Calhoun

28. The Nullification Theory
John C. Calhoun served as Vice-President for both Adams and Jackson
Initially supported tariffs because they protected American manufacturing
His home state of South Carolina was in a economic depression because of the low cotton prices and many there wondered if Calhoun still supported them
In response Calhoun brought up the Nullification Theory
Questioned the legality of federal laws being applied to sovereign states
Viewed the Constitution as a compact between the states; therefore states could nullify, or reject, a law they viewed as unconstitutional
If the federal gov. did not recognize a states right to nullify a federal law, that state had the right to leave the Union

29. Webster-Hayne Debate on States’ Rights
Took place between Senator Robert Haynes of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
Highlighted the division in the country over the issue of secession and nullification
Considered one of the greatest debates in American history
Took place at a party
When asked his opinion, Jackson said “our union it must be preserved”

30. Peggy Eaton Affair (Real Housewives of the 1800s)
Peggy Eaton was the wife of the Secretary of State
Kept getting snubbed by the wives of the other cabinet members; especially Calhoun’s wife
Jackson demands that the cabinet make their wives apologize to Peggy
Jackson saw similarity in how his wife had been treated by the public
Begins tossing out members of the cabinet loyal to Calhoun
Serves as a warning if they do not apologize

31. The Nullification Crisis
In 1832 Congress passed the Tariff of 1832 which raised the rates again
Outraged S.C. legislators declared that the tariffs were unconstitutional and if any attempt was made by the gov. to collect duties then S.C. would secede from the Union
The Nullification Convention which nullified the tariffs and said it would secede if force was used against the state
Jackson, though a Southerner, believed that the declaring a law unconstitutional flouted the will of the Constitution and such an act would be treasonous
Persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, authorizing the use of force against S.C. or any state if it resisted paying duties under the tariffs

32. The Compromise
Confrontation seemed inevitable until Clay came up with the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which would decrease tariff rates over the next ten years
Both sides were able to claim victory with the agreement
S.C. held the Nullification Convention repealing ordinance nullifying the tariffs and, symbolically, nullified the Force Bill
For now, a crisis had been averted
“The tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question.“ Andrew Jackson

33. The National Bank
During the crisis with S.C., Jackson was engaged in another battle over the National Bank
While the charter of the bank was not supposed to expire until 1836, Clay and Webster introduced legislation to renew the charter early to make it a campaign issue
Hoped that Jackson would lose political support over a fight with the bank and he would not be reelected
Underestimated Jackson’s political skill

34. Fight for the Bank
Jackson vetoed the charter for the National Bank to be renewed; cast the bank as an elitist institution
The bank earned interest on taxes deposited there which it distributed to wealthy individuals, not the entire population
The bank gave extremely low loans to Congressmen which were not available to ordinary Americans
“The bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!”

35. King Andrew the First

36. Jackson’s Reelection
After Jackson was reelected in 1832, he told the Secretary of the Treasury to put all government funds in specific state banks
Called “pet banks” because they were loyal to the Democratic Party
The National Bank President tried to call in all loans owed but it backfired on him
Bank lost support from businesses and individuals
Charter expired in 1836 and the National Bank became private; went bankrupt five years later

37. Opposition Unites: The Whig Party
Main individuals included Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and Daniel Webster
Backed the ideals of the American System
Strong federal government including control of the banking system and a national currency
Supported tariffs
Attracted individuals from the Democratic Party who were angry at Jackson’s leadership style

38. Martin Van Buren
Jackson announced that he would not run for a third term and instead endorsed his V.P., Van Buren
Van Buren easily won the 1837 election
The newly formed Whig Party was not able to agree on one candidate and ran three candidates against Van Buren
Jackson’s endorsement also was significant in helping Van Buren win the election
Quickly had to deal with Jackson’s legacy

39. Jackson’s Financial Legacy
When Jackson put federal money into friendly state banks, those banks began to widely print bank notes which could be redeemed for gold or silver
People would take this useless currency to buy land from the federal government meaning the government was stuck with it
Jackson announced on August 15, 1836 that only gold or silver could be used to purchase federal land
Caused people to rush the banks to redeem their bank notes for gold or silver to purchase land
Banks did not have enough silver or gold to cover the bank notes

40. Panic of 1837 By May 1837, situation had gotten much worse
New York banks stopped accepting paper currency and other banks quickly followed suit
Became known as the Panic of 1837
Banking system collapsed
Wiped out the savings of Americans and bankrupted hundreds of businesses
More than a third of the population was unemployed
Van Buren tried to help by reducing federal government spending but only made the situation worse

41. Election of 1840
Van Buren was increasingly unpopular for being unable to stop the economic crisis
The Whig Party took advantage by nominating William Henry Harrison for President
Portrayed Van Buren as a privileged aristocrat and Harrison as a common man
Campaigned on Harrison’s fame from the War of 1812
Created a campaign song called “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
Log Cabin Campaign – meant to show Harrison as a common man

42. Monday, November 24th Turn in homework Take survey Take daily quiz
Watch The Abolitionists

43. Daily Quiz
What was the name of the theory in which states could strike down federal laws they deemed unconstitutional?
Who settled the Nullification Issue?
Who was the Whig Party formed in opposition to?
What was the campaign slogan for Harrison during the election of 1840?
What was Jackson’s financial legacy?

44. Monday, December 1st
Lesson on Women and Reform and the Second Great Awakening
Review for test
Start study guide

45. Women and Reform

46. Women’s Roles
Customs demanded that Women restrict their activities to their home and family
Housework and caring for children were considered the only proper activities; became known as the cult of domesticity
Women could not vote or serve on juries
When a women married, any property she owned went to her husband and lacked guardianship over children

47. Mobilizing for Reform
Women started becoming more politically active during the mid-1800s during the Abolition Movement

48. The Movements
Temperance Movement: recognized drunkenness was a serious problem and attempted to ban alcohol
Education Movement: campaigned for greater education opportunities for women
Brought along more women into the field of medicine
The Suffrage Movement: get women the right to vote
Part of Seneca Falls Convention

49. Seneca Falls Convention
Held in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20, 1848
First national convention on women’s rights
Covered many issues regarding women’s rights but the most controversial was achieving the right to vote
The convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments
Based upon the Declaration of Independence

50. Second Great Awakening
Started in the 1830s because of the overall era of reforms and swept across the country
Started with preachers wanting to spread the word of personal salvation through religious activism, or evangelism
Rejected the Calvinistic belief that your life, and where you ended up, was preordained
Core belief was that your actions determined whether or not you were going to heaven or hell
Insisted that people could improve themselves and society
Abolitionists, women’s reform movements

51. Spread of the Message
The message promoted by the Second Great Awakening was similar to Jacksonian democracy
Focused on the power of the common citizen and their responsibilities
Belief in a “democratic” God
Delivered the messages in large forums
Could draw 20,000 or more people
Were very dramatic

52. The Forums

53. Stump Speaking

54. Wednesday, December 3rd Turn in study guide
Take test on Age of Jackson and Reform
Work on vocab for Expansion and Build up to the Civil War