2. Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective Seventh Edition Part 1: Social and Biological Foundations of Human Sexuality Chapter One Historical, Research, and Cross- Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. The Influences of Culture On Sexuality §European culture has greatly influenced North American sex attitudes §Variety of attitudes toward sexual permissiveness in Western cultures §Cultures vary from permissive and accepting attitude to conservative attitudes  Same-gender behaviors play important roles in some preindustrial societies Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. The Sexual Revolution in Western Cultures §‘Sexual Revolution’ of the 1960s l Suggests significant and abrupt changes l Disagreement about reality of this change §Ambivalence is typical societal reaction §What contributes to change? l New approaches to morality and autonomy l Changing roles of women and men l Scientific research and technology l Media and Internet attention to sexuality l HIV and AIDS Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Shifting Sexual Attitudes §Western culture primarily negativity l Social, moral, and religious beliefs §North American attitudes l Traditional or procreational reproduction l Relational natural part of intimate relationships l Recreational pleasure §Attitudes vary and sometimes contradict Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Areas of Shifting Attitudes §Masturbation l Perceived as natural l Double standard §Nonmarital sex l More frequent, earlier l Double standard §Sexual orientation l Varies by group l More exposure §Nudity l Heavy culture influence §Sex and Romance l Romantic ideals l Some age influence §Sexuality Education l Political orthodox v. progressive controversial Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Shaping Our Attitudes §Culture §Society §Politics §Family §History §Biology §Ethnocentric? Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Milestones in Sex Research Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Milestones - History §Victorian Influence §Richard von Krafft- Ebing l Masturbation is deviant §Sigmund Freud l Neuroses have sexual basis §Henry Havelock Ellis l Cross cultural studies §Alfred Kinsey l Legitimized sex research §Masters & Johnson l Sexual functioning §Current Surveys l Hunt Report l Redbook Survey l Hite Reports §National Health and Social Life Survey l Best available data Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. The Methods of Sexological Research §Surveys l Kinsey, NHSLS §Case Studies l In-depth, but generalization difficult §Clinical Data l Treatment strategies §Observation l Laboratory or field §Ethnosexual Field Studies l Examine cultures §Experiments l Cause-effect Copyright (c) 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.