1. Safety of Human Body in Plastics Bottle Josef Trna Masaryk university, Brno Czech Republic Czech Republic IPUC TFPC 29274-IC-2-2005-1-AT-ERASMUS-IPUC-19

2. Plastics bottle. Plastics bottle. Overpressure in the plastics bottles in all experiments is made out by hand-pressing or by a small velocipede tire- pump. Instruments in plastics bottles are fixed on stands made out of copper wire, metal stick and wooden small plates. Overpressure in the plastics bottles in all experiments is made out by hand-pressing or by a small velocipede tire- pump. Instruments in plastics bottles are fixed on stands made out of copper wire, metal stick and wooden small plates.

3. 1. Indication of overpressure The piston of plastics syringe is moved by overpressure in the plastic bottle. The piston of plastics syringe is moved by overpressure in the plastic bottle.

4. 2. Measurement of overpressure The liquid manometer formed of U-tube indicates overpressure in the plastic bottle. The liquid manometer formed of U-tube indicates overpressure in the plastic bottle.

5. 3. Ear-drum under water Test tube covered by rubber membrane arches by overpressure in the plastic bottle. Test tube covered by rubber membrane arches by overpressure in the plastic bottle. The rubber membrane simulates behaviour of ear- drum during swimming, bathing and diving. Water in ear canal pushes on ear- drum at this time. The result is deflection of the ear- drum. The rubber membrane simulates behaviour of ear- drum during swimming, bathing and diving. Water in ear canal pushes on ear- drum at this time. The result is deflection of the ear- drum.

6. 4. Ear-drum rupture under water 4. Ear-drum rupture under water Deformational effect of overpressure force is demonstrated by the rupture of covering membrane on the test tube made out of a piece of plastics bag. Deformational effect of overpressure force is demonstrated by the rupture of covering membrane on the test tube made out of a piece of plastics bag. The plastics membrane simulates the terminal behaviour of ear-drum during swimming, bathing and diving. Water in ear canal pushes on ear-drum by heavy force. The result is the rupture of ear- drum. The implication of this rupture is cutting pain and the loss of space-finding. This is the danger of death for the diver. The plastics membrane simulates the terminal behaviour of ear-drum during swimming, bathing and diving. Water in ear canal pushes on ear-drum by heavy force. The result is the rupture of ear- drum. The implication of this rupture is cutting pain and the loss of space-finding. This is the danger of death for the diver.

7. 5. Compression of lung Deformational effect of overpressure force is demonstrated by changing volume of an inflated small rubber balloon. Deformational effect of overpressure force is demonstrated by changing volume of an inflated small rubber balloon. The overpressure under water during diving reduces the lung volume. We are able to breathe spontaneously only about one metre under the water surface. Air must be pumped into our lung by overpressure during diving. At a depth of ten metres the lung volume is reduced to half. If diver emerges too quickly, his lung can be fatally damaged. The overpressure under water during diving reduces the lung volume. We are able to breathe spontaneously only about one metre under the water surface. Air must be pumped into our lung by overpressure during diving. At a depth of ten metres the lung volume is reduced to half. If diver emerges too quickly, his lung can be fatally damaged.

8. 6. Dissolving of an air in blood The air is dissolved into the water in the over pressured plastics bottle. The air is dissolved into the water in the over pressured plastics bottle. The air (nitrogen) is dissolved into blood during diving. Air embolism is the frequent reason of death after fast emergence. The air (nitrogen) is dissolved into blood during diving. Air embolism is the frequent reason of death after fast emergence.

9. 7. Oxygen in compressed air The candle is burning longer in plastic bottle pumped with air because of presence of more air oxygen. The candle is burning longer in plastic bottle pumped with air because of presence of more air oxygen. The air pumped in diver bomb contains more air oxygen needed for water breathing. The air pumped in diver bomb contains more air oxygen needed for water breathing.

10. 8. Cartesian diver I The Cartesian diver floating in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube and the rubber stopper. The Cartesian diver floating in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube and the rubber stopper.

11. 9. Cartesian diver II Alternative Cartesian diver in plastics bottle is made out of two glass test tubes. Alternative Cartesian diver in plastics bottle is made out of two glass test tubes.

12. 10. Spinning Cartesian diver Spinning Cartesian driver in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube, the rubber stopper and the bent glass pipes. Spinning Cartesian driver in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube, the rubber stopper and the bent glass pipes.

13. 11. Water jet of Heron The water jet of Heron in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube, the rubber stopper and the blast tube. The water jet of Heron in plastics bottle is made out of the test tube, the rubber stopper and the blast tube.

14. 12. Overpressure pumping The pumping of water in plastics bottle is realised by use of two test tubes, rubber stoppers, glass tubes and plastics pipes. The pumping of water in plastics bottle is realised by use of two test tubes, rubber stoppers, glass tubes and plastics pipes.

15. 13. Energy of compressed air I The small plastics ball with the hole is moving by changing of the air pressure on the water surface in the plastics bottle. The small plastics ball with the hole is moving by changing of the air pressure on the water surface in the plastics bottle.

16. 14. Energy of compressed air II The small plastics ball with the hole plugged up by the bent glass pipe is moving by changing of the air pressure on the water surface in the plastics bottle. The small plastics ball with the hole plugged up by the bent glass pipe is moving by changing of the air pressure on the water surface in the plastics bottle.

17. Thank you for your attention. Josef Trna trna@ped.muni.cz trna@ped.muni.cztrna@ped.muni.cz