FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N.

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War  Badly defeated (1973) 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978)  Isr returns Sinai Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer Milit. Coup kills Sadat (1981)  Hosni Mubarek continues Sadat’s policies: Faces growing pressure from rad. Muslims outside Eg. Maintains close relations w/US in return for milit. & financial support Cracks down on rad. Muslims opposing his secular rule Egypt continues to walk fine line b/w keeping good relations w/Us & maintaining image of a good Muslim state

Suez Canal

In 1869, after 10 years of work by the French and Egyptian laborers, the Suez Canal joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas at a length of about 100 miles (161 km)

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT

Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122)

Egypt & the Sudan "We don't want to fight, but by jingo if we do We've got the ships, we've got the guns, and got the money too" Britain’s interest in Egypt lay with the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869. Originally, this canal was a joint venture between France and Egypt. However, the ruler of Egypt fell into debt and had to borrow money from British banks, using his shares in the canal as collateral for the loan. Unfortunately, he defaulted on the loan, and Britain took over the Egyptian half of the canal.

FC. 122 EUROPEAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION INTO AFRICA (c.1870-1914) Other politicians, not wanting to lose popularity, also support imperialism Brit. seizes Egypt to guard its interests in Suez Canal Henry Stanley’s travel account  Interest in Afr. Br. conquers Zulus in S. Afr to protect Dutch Boers Early efforts focus on Africa as the main object of imperial expansion despite its relative unimportance to Britain’s economy. Brit. feels powerless to stop these changes & econ. depression in 1873 Hard to compete vs cheap labor & newer factories More complex soc  Harder to unite politically German unific. & Balkan turmoil upset balance of power (FC.119) Spread of Ind. Rev. outside Britain (FC.116) Social changes brought by Ind.. Rev. (FC.113) Several problems for Britain after 1870: Br. Prime min., Benjamin Disraeli proposes imperial expansion which will: Protect Br’s econ. interests overseas Enhance Britain’s internat’l prestige Provide new mkts. & resources Br. conquers Sudan to keep it from blocking Nile R.

The British defeat the Egyptians at Tel-el-Kebir (1882) Alexandria, Egypt after the British naval bombardment in 1882 However, Egypt was rapidly destabilizing, so Britain annexed it as a colony to protect its investment in the Suez.

All seemed safe until an engineer named Sam Baker published an article showing how Sudan, Egypt’s southern neighbor, could cut off Egypt’s lifeline: the Nile. As ridiculous as this fear was, it prompted Britain to take over Sudan as well. SUDAN

In 1898, the Sudanese, led by a religious leader known as the Mahdi, rebelled against British rule. At Omdurman (9/2/1898), 20,000 British and Egyptian troops, supported by heavily armed gunboats, shattered the suicidal assaults of the Mahdist forces. Below, the surviving rebels flee, having lost 10,000 men as opposed to only 48 British soldiers.

Many times, native forces had modern European weapons in such battles. However, they still lacked the tactics, discipline, and overall mindset needed to use them effectively.

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

In 1935, Mussolini, encouraged by Hitler’s success, sent Italian forces into Ethiopia, using only the weakest of excuses to cover this blatant act of aggression. When the League of Nations threatened economic sanctions against Italy, Mussolini said a boycott on oil (which would have crippled his war machine) would mean war with the League's members. The League, without any real force to back it up, fell for this bluff.

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

King Farouk of Egypt, whose corrupt regime tarnished the West’s reputation in the eyes of the Egyptian people and helped pave the way for Nasser’s takeover in the 1950s

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

Gamal Abdul Nasser, the charismatic officer who replaced Egypt’s king Farouk. Nasser was the first leader of a developing nation to play the superpowers against each other to get as much foreign aid as possible. He realized, that neither side cared how responsible a regime was as long as it lined up with their side in the Cold War.

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135)

Crowds cheer Nasser after he nationalizes the Suez Canal in 1956

Israeli forces advance against Egypt in anticipation of British and French “intervention.”

British and French forces ‘intervene” (in league with Israel) to secure the Suez Canal after Egypt’s leader, Nasser, seized it.

President Eisenhower reacts angrily to British and French action in the Suez in October, 1956. Part of his frustration was because it distracted world attention from the Hungarian uprising, allowing Soviet forces to force Hungary back into the Warsaw Pact

UN peacekeeping forces replace British forces in the Sinai in 1956.

Syria Jordan Egypt Sinai Peninsula Iraq Saudi Arabia Map of the Middle East showing the placement of UN peacekeeping forces (1956-67) Israel Red Sea Leb- anon Mediterranean Sea

A ship deliberately sunk in the Suez Canal to prevent any traffic from getting through

A cartoon expressing Israeli feelings about their role in the Suez Crisis of 1956.

Victims of the Suez Crisis of 1956

In 1958, Syrian leaders, fearing a communist takeover in their nation, called upon Nasser for help. The result was the United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria that lasted from 1958-61 under Nasser’s presidency with its capital in Cairo. Nasser’s ambition was to have the UAR include the whole Arab world. While communism was thwarted in Syria, its people felt increasingly like they were being treated as Egyptian subjects. Consequently, Syria withdrew from the UAR in 1961, although Egypt continued to use the name until after Nasser died in 1971.**

The Straits of Tiran controlled Israel’s access to the Red Sea and beyond. One of Nasser’s threats was to block it and cut Israel’s trade to the East.

Israeli jets launch a pre-emptive air strike on Arab air fields which virtually decided the war’s outcome in its first twenty minutes (June 5, 1967)

Egyptian planes destroyed on the ground in the pre-emptive air strike by the Israeli air force during the Six Day War in 1967

What few Arab planes made into the air were quickly destroyed by Israeli pilots

Israeli offensive (June, 1967) The Israeli offensive in 1967

Having established air superiority in the opening minutes of the Six Day War, Israeli tanks and other ground forces swept quickly and easily to victory.

Israelis at the Wailing Wall after taking the east half of Jerusalem in the Six Day War

Cartoon showing Moshe Dayan, who commanded the Israeli forces during the Six Day War, as the Biblical hero, David slaying the Arab “Goliath”

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War  Badly defeated (1973) 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978)  Isr returns Sinai Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer

Egyptian troops cross Suez Canal

Egyptian soldiers celebrate as they launch their surprise attack on Israel during Yom Kippur in October, 1973.

Israeli troops take cover from an Egyptian artillery barrage along the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War (October, 1973)

With its army faced with destruction Egypt called in both the United States and Soviet Union to arbitrate a cease-fire. This precipitated a diplomatic crisis with the potential danger of US & Soviet troops facing each other in a highly volatile situation. Fortunately, Egypt’s leader, Anwar Sadat, defused the crisis by withdrawing his invitation to the Soviets.

Although initially caught off guard by the surprise attack, the Israelis recovered and surrounded the Egyptian army within a few weeks.

Golan Heights An Israeli jet in combat against Syrian Mig 21s

Because of the oil embargo in 1973, the average price of a gallon of gas jumped 16.6 cents to 55.1 cents in 1974, leading to long gas lines, gas shortages, and a temporary effort to create more fuel efficient cars. However, when some members of OPEC broke ranks in the 1980s, the price of oil came down and our beloved gas hogs were back

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War  Badly defeated (1973) 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978)  Isr returns Sinai Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War  Badly defeated (1973) 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978)  Isr returns Sinai Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer Milit. Coup kills Sadat (1981)  Hosni Mubarek continues Sadat’s policies: Faces growing pressure from rad. Muslims outside Eg. Maintains close relations w/US in return for milit. & financial support Cracks down on rad. Muslims opposing his secular rule

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br. feelings grow  Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk in Milit. coup (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Start of Cold War (FC.138) World War I FC.127 Br. At war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. Replaces Turkish Khedive w/protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintains milit. presence Demos for indep. In 1919  Br. makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal and runs Eg’s econ. & defense 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg tr. requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. exc. for control of Suez Canal Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep.: Nationalizes Suez Canal (1956)  War w/Isr, Br. & Fr  Nasser a hero to Arabs Creates United Arab Rep. W/Syria  Falls apart over who leads Poses as champion of arabs vs Isr  Crushed by Isr. In Six Day War (1967) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel Attacks Isr in Yom Kippur War  Badly defeated (1973) 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr (1978)  Isr returns Sinai Tries to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer Milit. Coup kills Sadat (1981)  Hosni Mubarek continues Sadat’s policies: Faces growing pressure from rad. Muslims outside Eg. Maintains close relations w/US in return for milit. & financial support Cracks down on rad. Muslims opposing his secular rule Egypt continues to walk fine line b/w keeping good relations w/Us & maintaining image of a good Muslim state

FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N.

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FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N.

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Presentation on theme: "FC.146D COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL EGYPT Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) World War I FC.127 Britain uses Egypt as base for N."— Presentation transcript:

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