1.  Pick up the reading packet by the turn-in tray and flip to the map on the last page.  We’ll be referring to this map throughout class notes today

2. Today’s LEQ: How and why has the Middle East evolved through time?

3.  Over the last few decades major conflicts have erupted in the Middle East  Some general regional issues have contributed to these conflicts:  The presence of huge oil reserves  Growth of Islamism  Conflict between Israel and its neighbors

4.  2/3 of the world’s known oil reserves are located here and have provided a great source of wealth  Most of the regions oil-rich countries belong to OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries  OPEC regulates the production of oil exports to maximize revenues

5.  Oil wealth has allowed for economic development but is also the source of conflict  Some governments have used oil revenues to build up their military, maintain power, and threaten their neighbors  Led outside nations to become involved

6.  Islamism = a movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic laws  Islamists believe Muslim countries strayed away from the path of true Islam  Anti-Western  This has led to conflicts within society and government  Extremists have used violence to bring about the changes they want

7.  Since Israel was established in 1948, most Middle Eastern countries refused to recognize its right to exist  A series of wars between Israel and its neighbors led to the expansion of Israel Refer to map on page 557

8.  In 1967, Egypt demanded that U.N. troops leave Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula  Expecting a large-scale Arab attack, Israel struck first  Israel launched air strikes against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, destroying most of their airplanes on the ground

9.  Israel quickly defeated Arab forces and took control of the Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and East Jerusalem

10.  Determined to win back their territory, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel in 1973  At first, Arab troops made gains in the war – Israel unprepared  With U.S. support, Israeli forces regrouped and pushed back the Egyptian and Syrian armies

11.  After weeks of fighting, both sides agreed to a cease-fire  During the war, Arab members of OPEC declared an oil embargo (refusal to sell oil) on countries supporting Israel – including the U.S.  What do you think happened as a result?

13.  Egypt and Israel make peace in 1978 in an agreement known as the Camp David Accords  Egypt recognized Israel, and Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt  The treaty ended 30 years of hostility between Egypt and Israel

14.  Despite the many years of war in the Middle East, the Arab-Israeli conflict remains unresolved  Each war, regardless of which side initiated it, has ended in the status-quo – Israel is still a sovereign and powerful state and tension still exists  Ultimately, neither move was decisive enough to bring about an end to the larger Arab-Israeli conflict

15.  As Egypt and Israel made peace, Palestinian Arabs continued their struggle for nationhood  Extremists on both sides have worked hard to undermine the peace process  Where are we today?

16.  Respond to the key question: What issues besides political boundaries and religion have had an important impact on the Arab-Israeli conflict?