1. Modal Auxiliaries

2. The modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the following: can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would,... Modals are always the same form no matter what the subject is. In standard American English, a predicate verb phrase cannot contain more than one modal. correct He will be able to go. not correct * He will can go.

3. Below are example sentences containing the modal may and the verb go : I may go. You may go. He may go. It may go. We may go. They may go. He may have gone. They may have gone. He may be going. They may be going. He may have been going. They may have been going.

4. Ability/Availability future: will be able to present: can, am/is/are able to past: could, was/were able to Requests present/future: can, could, will, would Permission future: will be allowed to present/future: may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to past: could, was/were allowed to

5. General requests (present and/or future): Will you help me? (Informal Are you willing?) Would you help me (Formal Are you willing?) Can you help me? (Informal Are you able?) Could you help me (Formal Are you able?) Requests for permission (present and/or future): May I leave the room? (Formal) Might I leave the room? (Formal rarely used) Could I leave the room? (Less formal Can I leave the room? (Informal)

6. Suggestions: You could see the doctor. You might see the doctor. Advice: You should see the doctor. You ought to see the doctor. Warning/strong advice: You had better see the doctor. Strong advice/necessity: You have to see the doctor. You have got to see the doctor. You must see the doctor. No choice: You will see the doctor.

7. 1. You seem to be having trouble there. _________ I help you? A. Would b. Willc. Shall 2. I don't have enough money to buy lunch. __________ you lend me a couple of dollars? A. Mayb. Couldc. Shall 3. That ice is dangerously thin now. You ________ go ice-skating today. A. mustn'tb. might notc. would mind not to 4. It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. I ________ go to bed. A. shouldb. ought toc. could 5. He ______________ have committed this crime. He wasn't even in the city that night. A. mightb. shouldn'tc.couldn't

8. 6. John is over two hours late already, He ___________ missed the bus again. A. Should haveb.must havec. will have 7. I'm really quite lost. _______________ showing me how to get out of here? A. Would you mindb. Would you bec. Must you be 8. That bus is usually on time. It _________ to be here any time now. A. mightb. hasc. ought 9. I read about your plane's near disaster. You ____________ terrified! A. might have beenb. must have been c. shall have been 10. It's the law. They ____________ have a blood test before they get married. A. mightb. couldc. have to