1. Animals
4th Grade Zoology Unit

2. Classifying Animals
1 characteristic used to classify animals is whether or not they have a vertebral column.
Other names for a vertebral column: backbone, spine, or spinal column

3. Vertebrates
Animals that have a vertebral column are called vertebrates.
5 groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
Animals that do not have a vertebral column are called invertebrates. Invertebrates make up 97% of all the animals in the world.

4. Characteristics of vertebrates
ALL vertebrates have…
Vertebral Column
Endoskeleton
Brain Protected by a Cranium
Spinal Cord
Closed Circulatory System

5. Characteristics of vertebrates
Vertebral Column
Made up of individual bones called vertebrae.
Vertebrae are connected by tissue called cartilage.
Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone. (like our ears and nose)

6. Characteristics of vertebrates
Endoskeleton
Means our skeleton is inside our bodies.
Made up of vertebral column, other bones, and cartilage.
Gives the body structure
Provides a place for muscles to attach
Protects vital organs, like brain, heart, and lungs

7. Characteristics of vertebrates
Brain Protected by a Cranium
A cranium is the bones of the skull.
The cranium covers the brain.

8. Characteristics of vertebrates
Spinal Cord
Located inside the vertebral column
Made up of nerves that carry messages from the brain to all parts of the body and from all parts of the body back to the brain
Protected by the vertebral column

9. Characteristics of vertebrates
Closed Circulatory System
Blood circulates through the body in an endless loop of blood vessels.
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells.
Blood removes waste products from cells.

10. Classifying Vertebrates

11. Classifying Vertebrates
Vertebrates are sorted into groups called classes.
Classes are based on things like…
Body coverings
How they get oxygen into their bodies
Internal body temperature
How they reproduce
5 Classes of Vertebrates
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish

12. Classifying Vertebrates
Body Coverings
Reptiles- dry, scaly skin
Amphibians- moist, smooth skin
Fish- skin with overlapping scales
Birds- skin covered in feathers
Mammals- skin covered by hair

13. Classifying Vertebrates
How They Get Oxygen into Their Bodies
Vertebrates bring oxygen into their bodies and release carbon dioxide.
Lungs- mammals, birds, reptiles, & most adult amphibians
Gills- fish & some young amphibians
Some amphibians (like salamanders) can also absorb oxygen through their moist skin.

14. Classifying Vertebrates
Internal Body Temperature
Homeotherm- warm-blooded- This means that the body temperature remains pretty constant (about the same).
Poikilotherm- cold-blooded- This means that the body temperature is able to change with its surroundings. (Low body temperature when it’s cold & high body temperature when it’s hot)
Homeotherms- birds & mammals
Poikilotherms- reptiles, amphibians, & fish

15. Classifying Vertebrates
How They Reproduce
Reproduction means making more of one’s own kind
Mammals- young are born live
Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians- young develop in eggs outside the mother’s body
Birds- Hard-Shelled Eggs (on the ground or in nests)
Reptiles- Soft, Leathery Eggs (on land or buried underground)
Fish & Amphibians- Eggs do not have shells. (in water)

16. Classify Invertebrates

17. Classifying Invertebrates
5 Phyla of Invertebrates
Annelids
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Mollusks
Arthropods

18. Classifying Invertebrates
Annelids
Live in water or damp soil
Long, cylinder-shaped bodies
Body is divided into segments
Ex. Earthworm, Leech

19. Classifying Invertebrates
Cnidarians
Most live in salt water
Stinging tentacles
Ex. Jelly Fish, Sea Anemone

20. Classifying Invertebrates
Echinoderms
Live in salt water
Hard, spiny outer body cover
Tube feet
Ex. Sea Star, Sand Dollar

21. Classifying Invertebrates
Mollusks
Usually live in water
Hard shell
Muscular foot
Ex. Snail, Clam, Octopus

22. Classifying Invertebrates
Arthropods
Segmented body with jointed legs
Exoskeleton
Molt as they grow
Ex. Insects (wasp, butterfly, cockroach), Arachnids (spider, scorpion), Malocostracans (lobster, shrimp), Merostomata (horseshoe crab), Chilopods & Diplopods (centipedes & millipedes)

23. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Life Cycle- the complete cycle from the beginning of an animal’s life until the time it produces a new animal like itself.
Some animals look like their parents from the time they are born.
Other animals will not look like their parents until they are older.

24. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Mammals, birds, & reptiles are born looking similar to their parents.
Mammals- begin their life cycle inside their mother’s body
Birds & Reptiles- begin their life cycle inside eggs

25. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Life Cycle of a Chicken- Bird
Egg, Chick, Adult
Life Cycle of an Alligator- Reptile
Egg, Hatchling, Adult

26. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Young amphibians & fish hatch having bodies that look very different from the bodies of their parents.
Metamorphosis- the changing of an animal’s body form during its life cycle
3 stages in the life cycle of amphibians & fish
Egg
Larva
Adult
Amphibians & Fish begin their life cycle inside eggs.
Baby amphibians & fish are called larva.

27. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Life Cycle of a Frog- Amphibian
Egg, Larva, Adult
Larva Stage
Tadpole
Tadpole without gills
Tadpole with legs
Froglet

28. Life Cycles of vertebrates
Changing Characteristics of a Frog During Metamorphosis
Egg
Tadpole- 2 Weeks
Tadpole- 4 Weeks
Tadpole- 6 Weeks
Froglet- 9 Weeks
Adult Frog-
1 Year
Where It Lives
Water
Land
How It Breathes X
Gills
Lungs
Body Parts
Tail
No Legs
Back Legs
Front Legs- growing
No Tail
Legs
What It Eats
Plants
Plants & Animals
Animals

29. Life Cycles of Insects
Insects begin their life cycles in an egg.
Young insects have bodies that look very different than their parents.
Metamorphosis- changing of an animal’s body form during its life cycle

30. Life Cycles of Insects
Some insects look similar to their parents when they hatch but are missing some of the body parts an adult has.
Ex: Baby grasshoppers & cockroaches look like their parents but do not have wings.
Wings develop as they grow older.
Incomplete Metamorphosis- when new body features of an insect develop gradually as it grows

31. Incomplete Metamorphosis
Life Cycles of Insects
Incomplete Metamorphosis
3 Stages
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Nymph- young insect that looks like its parent but is missing some body parts

32. Life Cycles of Insects
Some insects look completely different from their parents when they hatch.
Ex: Eggs of butterflies hatch and out comes a caterpillar. Caterpillar looks completely different from the adult butterfly.
Complete Metamorphosis- process where young change form and look completely different as adults

33. Life Cycles of Insects Complete Metamorphosis Larva- baby insect
4 Stages
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Larva- baby insect
Pupa- stage where the larva is ready to change to an adult. Body completely changes and develops new structures.
Ex: butterflies, bees, beetles, ants

34. What Animals eat All animals consume (eat) other organisms.
Some eat plants.
Some eat animals.
Some eat plants and animals.
Some only eat dead plants and animals.

35. What Animals eat
Herbivores- animals that eat only plants
Ex: cows, mice, rabbits, deer, geese, iguanas, bees, grasshoppers

36. What Animals eat
Carnivores- animals that eat only animals (meat)
Ex: lions, hawks, snakes, alligators, jellyfish, lobsters, sea stars, praying mantises, spiders

37. What Animals eat
Omnivores- animals that eat both plants & animals
Ex: bears, skunks, robins, hummingbirds, sea urchins, ants, cockroaches, chimpanzees, human beings

38. What Animals eat
Detritivores- animals that eat only dead plants and animals
Ex: earthworms, termites, millipedes, pill bugs

39. How Animals obtain energy
Animal cells use glucose & oxygen to produce energy
Food provides the glucose.
Breathing provides the oxygen.
Digestive, respiratory, & circulatory systems are in charge of bringing the glucose and oxygen to the cells.

40. How Animals obtain energy
Digestive System
Breaks down food & changes it into things the body can absorb
Digestion changes a lot of food into sugars like glucose.

41. How Animals obtain energy
Respiratory System
Brings oxygen into the body & removes carbon dioxide
These gases are either exchanged in lungs or gills.

42. How Animals obtain energy
Circulatory System
Carries glucose from digestion and oxygen from breathing to cells
Carries carbon dioxide away from cells

43. How Animals obtain energy
Comparing Respiration in Plants & Animals
Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
What is the source of the glucose?
How does oxygen enter the organism?
How do glucose & oxygen get to cells?
Plants
photosynthesis
stomata
phloem tissue
Animals
Digestive System
(eating food)
Respiratory System
(breathing with lungs/gills)
Circulatory System