1. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 1 Self-Regulation: core elemets 1. Goal setting Intrinsic v. extrinsic Action identification / proximal v. distal 2. Self-evaluative reactions: Self-discrepancies Affective / motivational responses 3. Expectancies for goal-related behavioral performance Self-efficacy Outcome expectancies

2. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 2 Perceived discrepancies: Higgins’ Model Discrepancies between standards and perceived self: Underlie intentions for ongoing / future behavior Comprise behavioral standards Key element in behavioral “comparator”

3. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 3 Higgins’ model of self-discrepancy Possible Selves Actual OughtIdeal Self - concept Self - guide Extrinsic motivation Self - guide Intrinsic motivation Core assumptions  Self-focused attention  Multiple sources of discrepancies  Specific discrepancies  specific affective & behavioral outcomes.  Construct availability; stable schema, individual differences  Construct accessibility: situational access to construct; transient affective state  “Rational operator”  Action identification theory  Range of high  low level action identification

4. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 4 Actual / own  Ideal / own Possible Selves Actual Perceived external norms & standards Lower action identification – more behavioral / procedural Extrinsic source of self-discrepancies OughtIdeal Internal standards High action identification: end states, ultimate goals. Intrinsic self- discrepancies Own Other / social

5. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 5 Goal discrepancies & motivation Actual  OughtActual  Ideal Modest discrepancy Extrinsic motivation for goals Intrinsic motivation for goals Strong discrepancy Depression, helplessness Guilt, anxiety

6. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 6 Higgins: basic discrepancy  affect link

7. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 7 Actual / own  Ideal / own OughtActualIdeal Own Other / social Goals: Intrinsically motivated High persistence Perceived discrepancy: Disappointment, dissatisfaction. Approach outcome: Enhanced motivation / persistence

8. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 8 Actual / own  Ideal / other OughtActualIdeal Own Other / social Goals: Mixed extrinsic / intrinsic Moderate persistence Perceived discrepancy: Dejection, shame, anticipated disappointment Discrepancy x self-efficacy interaction:

9. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 9 Perceived discrepancy x expectancies Low accessibility of actual  ideal discrepancyHigh accessibility of actual  ideal discrepancy Efficacy (or outcome) expectancies Withdrawal, avoidant copingTask persistence, approach coping

10. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 10 Actual / own  Ought / other OughtActualIdeal Own Other / social Goals: Wholly extrinsic motivation Low persistence, low resistance to barriers Perceived discrepancy: Fear, perceived threat, resentment (?) Avoidance

11. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 11 Actual / own  Ought / own OughtActualIdeal Own Other / social Goals: “Introjected” motivation Moderate persistence Perceived discrepancy: Guilt, self-contempt Lowering of standards?

12. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 12 Self-regulation elements: 1. Goal setting  Stable “action schema” or “script”  Abelson: “automatic” behavioral scripts  Goals as preferences: Ajzen attitude models  Goals and Action Identification  Higher-order identification: generalized values  Lower-order ID: concrete behaviors  Houston: shifts in ID to serve self-regulation

13. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 13 Goals, 2: Action Identifications Lose weight & look better Dietary change Meal planning Green vegetable each meal Breakfast on work days Simple carbohydrate avoidance No sconesExercise Cardio- vascular Run 5 days / week Strength training No elevators High Low Abstract & longer-term, end states Difficult to monitor: slow-moving & non-specific Typically “approach” oriented / positive affect. Concrete & immediate, behavioral intentions Specific, easier to monitor Mix of approach & avoidant (+ & - affect).

14. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 14 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator”

15. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 15 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Social norms & Cultural values Distal: Personal goals / “Possible selves” Proximal: Concrete end-states, “do” goals Health behavior: perceived vulnerability “cues to action” Other input variables: Social norms & Cultural values Distal: Personal goals / “Possible selves” Proximal: Concrete end-states, “do” goals Health behavior: perceived vulnerability “cues to action”

16. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 16 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Attitude change / formation Social norms & values “Ought” & “Ideal” selves Other input variables: Attitude change / formation Social norms & values “Ought” & “Ideal” selves

17. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 17 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Outcome expectancies Self-efficacy expectancies Action identification High level / general Concrete / specific Other input variables: Outcome expectancies Self-efficacy expectancies Action identification High level / general Concrete / specific

18. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 18 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Real effects on environment Nature of outcomes: Long-term v. short-term Abstract v. concrete Approach v. avoidant Other input variables: Real effects on environment Nature of outcomes: Long-term v. short-term Abstract v. concrete Approach v. avoidant

19. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 19 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Dispositional self-awareness (“monitoring v. blunting”) Coping style vis-a-vis negative affect: Approach / instrumental Avoidant / affective / “escape” Other input variables: Dispositional self-awareness (“monitoring v. blunting”) Coping style vis-a-vis negative affect: Approach / instrumental Avoidant / affective / “escape”

20. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 20 Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Other input variables: Correspondence of action identifications “Attractor” (approach) v. “Repeller” (avoidant) goal Positive feedback loops more salient, detectable & motivating Negative feedback loops less clearly observable, less motivating Other input variables: Correspondence of action identifications “Attractor” (approach) v. “Repeller” (avoidant) goal Positive feedback loops more salient, detectable & motivating Negative feedback loops less clearly observable, less motivating

21. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 21 Potential self-regulation failures Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Loose linkage between attitude / intention  behavior Role of habit / “automaticity,” contextual constraints Social network press for behavioral consistency Ambivalence: affective attraction of concrete bad behavior versus: pallid, high-level action identification of “being good”

22. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 22 Potential self-regulation failure, 2 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Clarity & specificity of behavioral standards Concreteness & specificity of behavioral plans Extrinsic v. intrinsic motivation & standards  Extrinsic standards / goals  behavioral initiation  Intrinsic standards  behavioral maintenence Correspondence of action identifications  High level action identifications (an “ideal self”) versus:  Initiation of concrete (low level) behaviors.

23. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 23 Potential self-regulation failure, 3 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Quality & amount of feedback Frequency & visibility of target behaviors Availability of feedback from others Simple attention, memory capacity

24. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 24 Effortful self-awareness of behavior Automaticity of target behavior – Monitoring is…  Productive for initiating behaviors  Disruptive for automatic behaviors Effortful monitoring  “Coping fatigue”, generally aversive Tediousness of formal monitoring Potential self-regulation failure, 4 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator”

25. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 25 Potential self-regulation failure, 5 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Quality & nature of comparison Self-focused attention as prerequisite for comparator Clarity & specificity of behavioral standards Cognitive avoidance of “hot” information (i.e., failure)

26. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 26 Potential self-regulation failure, 6 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Negative “actual” v. “ought” or “ideal” comparisons “Actual” versus: “ought”  anxiety, shame  avoidance “ideal”  depression  amotivation Self-efficacy: behavioral change versus avoidance Self-regulatory resource models Under what conditions are self-discrepancies motivating or “amotivating”?

27. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 27 Potential self-regulation failure, 7 Behavioral intentions Behavioral standards Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Actual behavior Available feedback Behavioral “Comparator” Lowering standards in the face of failure Motivated downward comparison processes “What the hell” / giving up phenomenon Cognitive escape / “defensive” self-evaluation Critical interaction with self- efficacy

28. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 28 Approach – Avoidance conflicts Kurt Lewin, Dollard & Miller:  Approach or avoidance of a goal (or state..) have drive states or strengths  The strength of a drive increases as the animal gets closer to the goal  Avoidance gradients are steeper than are approach gradients  Negative information is more salient  Pain / avoidance / fear is a stronger motivator than positive affect  As long as one drive predominates action follows.  People can have >1 gradient  If no drive is predominant  state of equilibrium  Resolving equilibrium requires a shift in goals or self-a wareness

29. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 29 Approach gradient NearFar Distance from goal Drive strength Single motive toward a goal, thus no conflict / reliable behavioral outcome

30. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 30 Avoidance gradient NearFar Distance from goal Drive strength Also single motive

31. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 31 Two Approach Goals NearFar Distance from goal Drive strength Two conflicting goals, but gradients differ enough that conflict is resolved, no equilibrium state

32. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 32 Two Behavioral Goals: Approach – Approach Conflict NearFar Distance from goal Drive strength Approach gradients cross as the subject gets closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium requires shift in goal strengths. Approach gradients cross as the subject gets closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium requires shift in goal strengths.

33. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 33 Single goal with both approach & avoidance gradients. Approach motives (positive conceptualizations) more salient to distant & abstract goals. Avoidance (concern over negative consequences) is more salient to more proximal & concrete goals. Single goal with both approach & avoidance gradients. Approach motives (positive conceptualizations) more salient to distant & abstract goals. Avoidance (concern over negative consequences) is more salient to more proximal & concrete goals. Approach – Avoidance Conflict NearFar Distance from goal Drive strength Resolving equilibrium: “Not think” response Change salience of + or – information Value – attitude congruence: frame concrete behavior in terms of higher-order goal. Resolving equilibrium: “Not think” response Change salience of + or – information Value – attitude congruence: frame concrete behavior in terms of higher-order goal.

34. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 34 Self-efficacy: Sources of efficacy judgments  Feedback re: behavioral subgoals ( Cf: Karoly, Carver models)  Sub-goals: concrete, specific  discernable feedback  Attitude change: Behavior  attitude  “Guided mastery” interventions  Modeling  Bandura & Walters: Coping model >> Mastery model Controls resources > rewarded > simple performance  Similarity of model to participant: Peer-based interventions  Social persuasion  Normative / personal information  Social network mechanism?  Feedback post performance > simple attitude change  Interpretation of somatic information  E.g., “fear of fear”  Cognitive representation of disease  Miller C-SHIP model: Rx to “hot” disease or physical information

35. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 35 Perceived control and stress  Averill, types of control:  Behavioral Brown: Bereavement  stress  mortality Learned helplessness  Decisional Singer: stress Rx & perceived controllability  Interpretative Taylor: “search for meaning” & coping w/cancer “Hopelessness” & depression  Predictive DV literature / Averill data: predictability >> aversiveness

36. Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Self-regulation 36 Relapse prevention & self-efficacy