1. The Effects of Nationalism

2. Italian Unification Giuseppe Mazzini Kingdom of Sardinia
Unite Italy
Kingdom of Sardinia
Most powerful city-state
Camillo di Cavour
Napoleon III and Austria
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Sicily
Handed the south to Victor Emmanuel
July 1871 – Rome capital of united Italy

3. German Unification Prussia leads unification Otto von Bismarck
Junkers – wealthy land-owners
Realpolitik – “politics of reality”
1863 – Polish Revolt
Secured Eastern border
1864 – Seven Weeks’ War
Prussians gained control of N. German territory
1867 – Franco-Prussian War
Final stage in German unification
Wilhelm I is named Kaiser

4. Empires Crumble Multi-cultural empires Ottoman Empire Austria Empire
Too many cultures and nationalism spreading
Austria Empire
Hungarians threatened to leave unless they got some power