1. Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions

2. Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States ▫Nationalism—loyalty to a nation rather than a king or empire0 ▫Nation-State—nation with its own independent government ▫1815: Only France, England and Spain are nation- states ▫Liberals and radicals support nationalism ▫3 types of nationalist movements: Unification: Merges culturally similar lands Separation: Splits off culturally distinct groups State-building: Binds separate cultures into one

3. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence ▫Balkans—region controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. ▫Rebel against Ottomans in 1821 ▫Popular support for revolution -Britain, France, and Russia contribute ▫1830: Independence

4. Continued 1830s: Uprisings Crushed ▫Old order breaks down ▫Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts ▫Mid-1830s: Conservatives back in control 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite ▫Ethnic uprisings (Esp. in Austrian Empire) ▫Liberals hold power for short time, but conservative status-quo restored (Prussian and Austrian armies restore monarchy).

5. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Austria ▫1866: -Defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) -Hungarian nationalism -Empire split into Austria and Hungary -Still ruled by emperor Russia ▫Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture  policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

6. Italian Unification ▫Camillo di Cavour— prime minister of Sardinia in 1852 -WinsAustrian- controlled Italian land -Helps nationalist rebels in southern Italy ▫Giuseppe Garibaldi -Red shirts -Victor Emmanuel rules as king after unification

7. German Unification Prussia Leads German Unification -Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany -mainly German population -powerful army -liberal constitution Bismarck -Junkers: Conservative wealthy landowners— support Prussian Wilhelm I -Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister -Realpolitik:power politics without idealism -Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

8. Continued Prussia Expands -Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Seven Weeks War -Provoke war w/ Austria -Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany -Eastern and western Prussia joined The Franco-Prussian War -Provoke war with France to unite all Germans -Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles -United Germany w/ Prussian dominance

9. Effects Balance Is Lost -In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:  Austria  Prussia  Britain  France  Russia -By 1871, Britain and Germany more powerful -Austria and Russia weaker militarily and economically