2. 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science

3. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1
The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

4. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
introducing anatomy and physiology
describing the human body
the metric system

5. Introducing Anatomy and Physiology
human anatomy
identify the parts of the human body
gross human anatomy
microscopic human anatomy
human physiology
how the parts of the human body function

6. Describing the Human Body
anatomical position
planes
sagittal
frontal
transverse

7. Common Directional Terms

8. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and right halves. 2. Proximal means closer to the trunk. 3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

9. Body Cavities dorsal (posterior) cavities ventral (anterior) cavities
cranial
spinal
ventral (anterior) cavities
thoracic
abdominopelvic
abdominal
pelvic

10. Body Cavities

11. The Metric System meter–measures length kilogram–measures mass
second–measures time
Kelvin–measures temperature

12. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or thoracic. 1. The heart is located in the _______________ cavity. 2. The _______________ separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 3. The metric base unit of mass is the _______________.

13. Basic Physiological Processes
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.2
Basic Physiological Processes

14. Basic Physiological Processes
structural and functional organization of the body
homeostasis
metabolism

15. Structural Organization of the Body
atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

16. Human Organ Systems

17. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: cardiovascular, skeletal, or urinary. 1. The _______________ system supports the body. 2. The _______________ system eliminates waste. 3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.

18. Homeostasis control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment
receptor
control center
effector
Rido/Shutterstock.com

19. Homeostasis negative feedback positive feedback
conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction
positive feedback
conditions cause a reaction to accelerate

20. Homeostatic Imbalance
organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges

21. Metabolism anabolism catabolism metabolic rate
big molecules made from smaller molecules
catabolism
big molecule broken into smaller molecules
metabolic rate

22. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces. 2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment. 3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.

23. How Forces Affect the Body
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.3
How Forces Affect the Body

24. How Forces Affect the Body
basic kinetic concepts
forces and injury to the human body

25. Basic Kinetic Concepts
force
push or pull
mass and weight
pressure
force spread over an area
torque
twisting force

26. Forces and Injury to the Human Body
compression
squeezing force
tension
pulling force
shear
tearing apart force

27. Directional Force Distribution within the Body

28. Mechanical Stress
types of stress
compressive
tensile
shear

29. Combined Loads multiple forces acting at same time bending torsion
off-center force
torsion
twisting force

30. The Effects of Force Application
acceleration
deformation
elastic
plastic

31. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tension, kinetics, pressure, torsion.
1. analysis of force action
2. twisting force
3. pulling force
4. force spread over an area

32. Understanding Science
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.4
Understanding Science

33. Understanding Science
the scientific method
developing scientific theories
the impact of scientific research

34. Science creates new knowledge testable explanations
testable predictions

35. The Scientific Method Step 1: Identifying a Research Question
Step 2: Formulating One or More Hypotheses
Step 3: Planning the Organization of the Study
Step 4: Collecting the Data

36. The Scientific Method (continued)
Step 5: Analyzing and Evaluating the Data with Statistical Tools
Step 6: Interpreting and Discussing the Results
Step 7: Deriving Conclusions from the Results

37. Developing Scientific Theories
tested through the scientific method
accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world

38. Early Greek and Roman Anatomists
Aristotle
wrote On the Parts of Animals
Galen
compiled numerous anatomical reports
first to assert that the brain controls muscles

39. Anatomists in the Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
The Vitruvian Man
Andreas Vesalius
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)
William Harvey
one of the first accurate descriptions of human physiology
Reed/Shutterstock.com

40. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: scientific theory, science, or Galen. 1. _______________ creates new knowledge. 2. A(n) _______________ is an accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world. 3. The early Greek and Roman anatomists were Aristotle and _______________.