1. The Road to Civil War
Chapters 9-11

2. Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine interest was to extend power to the WEST
1840’s
Driven by population increase, tech advance, nationalism, rapid econ develop, reform ideals
Not everyone agreed
Interested in Texas (Mexico), Maine & Oregon (British)
Ostend Manifesto (Polk offer to purchase Cuba)
Walker Expedition (William Walker attempts to take Baja California but fails) 1853
: other issues overshadow the drive to acquire new lands

4. Texas & Oregon Mexico Independent from Spain 1823
By 1830: More Americans than Mexicans
Friction Developed b/w groups
Annexation denied (Jackson, Van Buren)
Slavery Allowed
4 Countries claimed lands
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819: US got claims to Oregon from Spain
Discovered Columbia River Captain Robert Gray 1792
Expedition (Lewis & Clark)

5. 1844 Election
Dark Horse: James K Polk (Democrat, Tennessee, protégé of Jackson)
Committed to expansionism
Slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” (after the line of latitude serving as the northern boundary of Oregon at 54°40').
Tyler (outgoing Prez) annexed Texas
War Broke with Mexico
Polk – dealt with only part of Oregon (49th Parallel)

7. War with Mexico US annexed Texas w/o Mexican consent
Also wanted California
Polk sent John Slidell to make negotiations but failed
Army was moved (Gen. Zachary Taylor) near Rio Grande
Mexican army crossed Rio 1846 killed 11 Americans caused the WAR
Not everyone agreed (N. Whigs, Lincoln)

8. War with Mexico Fought in Mexican Territory
June 1846, John C. Fremont overthrew Mexicans in California
Taylor drove Mexicans back into Mexico
Gen. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico City Sept 1847
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican Cession 1848
Rio Grande (Texas Southern Border)
California and N. Mexico part of the US
US Pays $ 15 mil, assume claims

9. Opposition to War Whigs opposed: immoral effort to expand slavery
Wilmot Proviso: forbid slavery from any lands acquired from Mexico
Did Not pass

10. Union in Peril: 1848-1861 Conflict over status of territories
Free Soil (1848): party, movement
Did not demand an end of slavery
To keep the WEST land for whites
Prevented an extension of slavery
Free homestead (public land grants to small farmers)
South: viewed attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as Unconstitutional
Popular Sovereignty: Lewis Cass (Dem Sen. Michigan) issue of must be determined by a vote of the people in that territory

11. Presidential Election 1848
Democrats: Sen. Cass
Whigs: Zachary Taylor (no political history, no stand on extension of slavery)
Free-Soil: Van Buren
Consisted Democrats and Whigs (opposed slavery)
TAYLOR IS PRESIDENT

12. 1848 Presidential Election

13. Compromise of 1850 Gold Rush 1849 promotes more people to travel WEST
California wants to become a state
Prez. Taylor (Southern slave owner) but supported the idea of Cali & N. Mexico as free states
South talks secession
Henry Clay created yet another Compromise
Cali admitted as a free state
Mexican Cession: vote on slavery issue
Ban Slave trade in DC
Adopt Fugitive Slave Law & rigorously enforce

15. Compromise of 1850 Controversial Clay, Webster vs Calhoun
Compromise saves UNION
South: Equal rights in acquired territory
Northern Opposition: Sen. William Seward
1850: Taylor Died, opposes Clay’s Compromise
Vice Prez: Millard Fillmore: supporter of compromise
Stephen Douglas, Sen. Illinois: idea to pass the compromise by pieces
Finally passed, bought some “peace” time.

16. The Senate’s deliberations over the Compromise of 1850 featured the three most distinguished orators of the mid-19th century-Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina in what would be their last great debate. Webster called for a compromise to preserve the Union while Calhoun argued that the Union could only be preserved if Northerners respected the Southern institutions including slavery. In this painting Clay has the floor, Calhoun stands third from the right, and Daniel Webster, head in hand sits on the left.

17. Slavery Issues 1850-1854 Fugitive Slave Law Underground Railroad
Helped Southerners accept California loss
Northern Abolitionist fought against law
Purpose to track down runaway slaves (fugitive)
Issue warrants for their arrest
Citizens aiding fugitives subject to heavy penalties
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman (19 trips helped 300 Slaves)
Helped slaves escape into N or Canada
Literature
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Southern Reaction: a positive good for slave and owner

18. Effect of Laws & Literature
Made slavery a MORAL issue
Weakened the two political parties (Dem & Whigs)
Disastrous application of popular sovereignty in Kansas
Election of 1852
Whig: Gen. Winfield Scott- ignored slave issue (won 4 states, sign weakening of party)
Democrat: Franklin Pierce (NH)- supported Fugitive Slave Law (helped gain Southern Dem support)

19. 1852 Presidential Election

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Dems controlled White House & Congress
Transcontinental railroad system
Stephen Douglas plan to promote railroad for western settlement (disastrous)
Needed southern approval for bill
Proposed Nebraska Territory be divided in two (Nebraska and Kansas) promote popular sovereignty
Two months of heated debate it passed
Repealed Compromise of 1820
Renewed sectional controversy, promoted spread of Slavery
New Political party emerged: Republicans (Antislavery)

21. Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler An 1856 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". Franklin Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Douglas shoves a black man down his throat.

22. New Parties Know-Nothings (American Party) Republican (Wisconsin 1854)
Ethnic Tension build up b/w Germans & Protestant
Responded with “I know nothing” to political questions
Drew support away from WHIGS
Opposed to Catholics
Republican (Wisconsin 1854)
Free-Soilers, Antislavery Whigs, Democrats
Platform 1854 Election: repeal Kansas-Nebraska Act & Fugitive
Opposed slavery expansion, abolitionists later joined
: grew rapidly (second largest)

23. Election of 1856 Republicans- John Fremont
No slavery expansion
Won 11 out of the 16 free slave states
Evident Rep can win office w/o a single vote from SOUTH
Know-Nothings- Former Pres Millard Fillmore
Democrats- James Buchanan (WINNER)

24. 1856 Presidential Election

25. Extremism & Violence Bleeding Kansas
Fighting breaks out between antislavery and proslavery ppl
Nickname for Territory
Border ruffians “Missouri residents” coming in to Kansa and creating a proslavery legislature
1856: proslavery attack free-soil town (anti-slavery)
John Brown, white-abolitionist, retaliates on proslavery farm (Pottawatomie Creek) (5 dead)
Caning Senator Sumner 1856 (AKA Sumner Brooks Debate)
Violence in Congress
Sen. Charles Sumner attacks DEM admins and Southern Sen. Andrew Butler
Butler’s nephew Congressman Preston Brooks walks in Senate beats Sumner with a CANE. “cane fit for a dog”
North outraged, South applauded Brook’s sent him cane gifts

26. Constitutional Issues
Lecompton Constitution
Buchanan to accept or not accept Kansas proslavery Constitution?
Did not have the support the majority of ppl from Kansas
Pres asked Congress to accept, Congress Denied, many ppl went to the Republican Party
1858 Defeated in Congress

27. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Proslavery decision (two days after Buchanan’s Oath)
Chief Justice Southern Democrat (PROSLAVERY)
Slave in Missouri taken to free territory
Decision: A-Americans not granted citizenship thus cannot sue
Made Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional
South delighted with decision
Western Territories open to slavery

28. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1858 Illinois Senate Race
Stephen Douglas “hope to save the union” v. Abraham Lincoln “the unknown”
Lincoln not abolitionist (against expansion)
“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong”
“house divided” speech, Southerners viewed him as RADICAL
Said Douglas was indifferent to slavery as a moral issue
Freeport Doctrine: Douglas slavery cant exist if the people did not pass a law

29. Lincoln-Douglas Debates

30. Road to Secession John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry
Abolitionist (Martyr)
Slave uprising in Virginia at Federal Arsenal
Robert E. Lee captured Brown
Tried for treason, convicted, hanged
South: thought North wanted to destroy them
Election of 1860 (final event that triggered secession)
Dem: Two Candidates (N &S) Douglas Breckenridge) -divided
Rep: Abraham Lincoln (platform focused on North & West)
Excluded slavery from west
South warned if Lincoln wins (president) then we leave UNION
Free States can win election w/o South electoral votes
New Party: Constitutional Party John Bell (they were sacred if Lincoln did not win) Whigs, Know-Nothings , Mod. Dems)
John Brown

31. 1860 Presidential Election

32. Secession of the Deep South
1860: South Carolina
Six weeks later: Florida, Miss, Ala, GA, LA, TX
1861: created Confederate States of America
After April 1861: VA, NC, TN join
Same constitution w/ some differences
Limited gov’t power (no taxes) IRONIC
Can’t restrict slavery
Pres: Jefferson Davis (Miss)
VP: Alexander Stephens (GA)

33. Crittenden Compromise
Outgoing Prez (Buchanan)- did nothing to prevent secession
Sen. John Crittenden (Kentucky)
Plan proposed slavery in territories south of 36◦30’
Did not pass

34. Secession Map

35. The Civil War: (1861-1865) Civil War Video
Costly war (Human life) 620,000
4 mil slaved freed
Transformed American society
Accelerated industrialization and modernization
destroyed plantations
Economical, Social, Political changes occur during war
Lincoln “no state has the right to break Union”
Sent messages of consolidation and warning

36. War Strategy
North:
blockade Southern ports (Anaconda Plan)
Divide confederacy
Raise/train army of 500,000
South
Defend lands
Get foreign aid

37. War Advantages & Disadvantages
North
South
Needed to keep the border states
Conquer South (difficult)
More people (22 mil)
Industrial, more money, banks
US navy, immigrants, African Americans
Strong Gov’t
Changing of Generals
Expected war to be short
Defend land (easier)
Experienced leaders (war)
Less people (5.5 mil)
Less money, hope for foreign aid
Need STRONG gov’t to win (they were weak)

38. People to Know North South General Scott Winfield
Gen. George McClellan
Gen. Ambrose Burnside
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Albert Johnston

39. 1861 2 federal forts in danger in South Fort Sumner (SC): 1st Battle
SC cut off vital supplies and reinforcements
Lincoln: did not give up or defended fort
Just sent food for the federal garrison
Leaving the decision to SC (SC SHOT)
April 12, 1861
Use of executive power (Lincoln)
w/o authorizing with Congress
Calling for troops, authorize spending, suspend writs of habeas corpus

40. 1861-1862 Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) 1st major battle
Bull Run Creek in Virginia
Confederates sent Union forced back to DC
Peninsula Campaign (March 1862)
Union (McClellan) invaded Virginia
Lee stopped Union trooped (retreated)
Changed generals (Pope)
2nd Bull Run
A moment of weakness (changing Generals)
Lee attacked Union forced Pope to retreat to DC
Changed Union commander to McClellan

41. 1861-1862 Antietam (Sept 1862) Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)
Lee crossed in Union Territory (Maryland) for a victory (for foreign trade)
McClellan knew Lee’s Battle Plans (accidentally dropped)
Bloodiest single day (22,000) (up-to-date)
Lee retreated to VA
Commander Change (failure to pursue LEE’s weakened army)
Burnside
Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)
Union attacked Lee (large Union loss 12,000 to 5,000 Conf)
No Prospect for Military victory for either side

42. 1862-1963 Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimac (Confederate) (March 1862)
Five hour duel b/w ships near Virginia
Ended in a draw
Revolutionized naval warfare: ironclad ships
Grant in the West (Mississippi River)
Captured branches of the river (opened Miss to Union attack)
Albert Johnston surprised Grant in Shiloh, Ten
Union held ground, forced Confeds to retreat

43. Foreign Affairs Trent Affair (1861) Confederate Raiders
South sends representatives to try to get foreign aid (British liner, Trent)
Failed to get recognition
Confederate Raiders
South bought warships from British shipyards
Did serious harm to Union merchant ships
Britain give $15.5 mil to US for damages
King Cotton fails to get Aid
Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive victory)
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

44. Slavery Ends Confiscation Acts 1861 & 1862
Gen Benjamin Butler refused to return captures slaved to South. (“property”)
Freed slaves of South Owners for rebelling against US
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)
Freed slaves in the US
Problem
South wasn’t apart of the Union
Help recruit African-Americans (200,000)
13th Amendment (Dec 1865)
Abolished slavery

45. 1863-1865 Vicksburg (1863) Gettysburg (1863)
Grant wanted to take Miss city
Bombarded for 7wks before South surrenders
Cuts off TX, LA, Arkansas from Confederates
Gettysburg (1863)
Lee plans a surprise attack in North
Bloodiest battle (50,000)
Lee’s forces retreated to VA
Grant is commander of all UNION
War of attrition to win war
Fought for months, more casualties than Lee
Reduced Southern army
Never gave up (Grant)
Changed fighting styles

46. End of War Sherman’s March (1864)
Gen. Sherman marches through southern states and destroys
Goes all the way to SC
Election of 1864 (Lincoln Re-elected)
Surrender at Appomattox ( April 9, 1865)
Lee surrenders
Lincoln is assassinated April 14 at Ford’s Theatre DC
John Wilkes Booth

47. Effects of the Civil War
Political
Republican Dominance in gov’t, Civil Liberties (taken away: writs of habeas corpus), War draft: laws, paying $300 exemption, supremacy of federal gov’t
Economic
Borrow money, making money, increasing taxes, 1st income tax, increase inflation, modernizing & mass production for war supplies, passed laws that helped the economy
Social
Women worked, introduced to nursing, movement for voting rights,
End of slavery, 13th Amendment, economic & political oppression

48. Effects of the Civil War
Political
Ex Parte Milligan (1866): Supreme Court ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.
Economic
Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect industrialists
Homestead Act (1862): promote settlement in Great Plains by giving 160 acres of land for ppl who lived there 5 yrs
Morrill Land Grant (1862): encourage states to use federal land grants to maintain technical/agricultural colleges

49. Legacy of the Civil War “freedom of slaves”
$15 million + property loss
Women introduced to work force and nursing
Transforms America in a modern and complex industrial society