2. National Centre for Excellence in Residential Child Care (NCERCC) ‘There is no one thing we can now call Residential Child Care in the singular only Residential Child Care in the plural’. There are as many different types of Residential Child Care as there are needs of young people. 2 JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC

3. RCC - the population of Children In Care and their provision 60,000 in any one year overall and about 45,000 at any one time. 70% - foster placements. 11-13% - residential child care 1865 children’s homes. 65% is private, 30% is LA and 5% is voluntary Most children’s homes now have less than 5 children Many now have registered small schools on site 3 JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC

4. NMS compliance and OfSTED inspection Average % of NMS met by Children’s Homes – satisfactory or better 4 JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 200320042005200620072008 58% 68% 76% 80% 83% 92%

5. The young people Combination of factors outside of the young person’s responsibility: abuse, neglect, disability, parental illness, family stress, low income, absent parent. Children of families with deep-rooted, complex or chronic needs with a long history of disability, difficulty or disruption, including abuse or neglect. Children with extensive, complex and enduring needs compounded by very difficult behaviour who require more specialised and intensive resources. Over 90% = educational difficulties – more boys than girls. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 5

6. Children can see RCC as a positive choice (Children’s Rights Director) Providing stability and a stimulating environment Widening cultural and educational horizons Creating a framework for emotionally secure relationships with adults - may benefit from having a number of carers Providing a setting for intensive therapeutic work When a young person feels threatened by prospect of living in a family or does not want to be part of substitute family as still very much part of their own family When the emotional load of caring for a very disturbed or chaotic young person is best distributed amongst a number of carers JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 6

7. Relationships Jordan (2006) relationships for Children in Care are more important than for most people. ‘emotional flourishing’ needs to be the focus not technical packages for targeted results. Attachment - rarely brought to an educational arena. The emotions should not play an inferior role in our deliberations about education….Emotion and its associated roots permeate our experience and are not….interruptions of brief moments of madness that punctuate our otherwise cool and calm journey of rational objectivity. (O’Hanlon, 2000) JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 7

8. Home is where we start from ‘There is no such thing as a baby, only a baby and someone’ – Winnicott. Foundation for positive care & education = good authoritative parenting JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 8

9. 8 Pillars of Parenting is a good checklist (Cameron and Maginn 2007 and 2009 forthcoming) Primary care and protection - Sensitivity to a child’s basic needs shows the child that we care and that they are important. Education is paramount because in our complex world knowledge and skills are essential to survival. Secure attachments, making close relationships - Secure attachments act as a buffer against risk and operate as a protective mechanism. Positive self-perception - To allow the child to develop a positive self image. Positive and negative statements have a powerful impact on self-perception and esteem. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 9

10. 8 Pillars of Parenting (contd) Emotional compliance - This ability underpins the successful development of relationships outside of the family and can moderate susceptibility to the propensity for later mental health problems. Self management skills - Self-image is the insulation, which prevents inappropriate behaviour when enticing or compelling outside factors try to intrude. Resilience - Resilient individuals are able to understand what has happened to them in life (insight), develop understanding of others (empathy) and experience a quality of life that is often denied to others who have suffered negative life experiences (achievement). JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 10

11. 8 Pillars of Parenting (contd) A sense of belonging - Research and theory on relationships have highlighted the need to belong. Personal and social responsibilities - Essentially personal and social responsibility mean’s being able to coordinate one’s own perspective with the help of others and developing personal views of fairness and reciprocity. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC11

12. Quality of care index ( Berridge – various) – for school assurance? Link quality of care & satisfaction with schooling & general happiness. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 12

13. Care and control Addressing children’s needs, child oriented Warm and caring, responsive Quality of physical environment Praise and responsibility, positive expectations Opportunities for success, improvement of self image Clear boundaries, behavioural management Opportunities for inclusion Stability and continuity Placement changes Pressure to move prematurely, opportunity to remain Changes in caregivers, predictability in daily care JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 13

14. Safety Child protection Management of risk Peer violence Allegations Inter-professional working Support for identifiable problems, liaison Help with behavioural, emotional and social problems Coherent approach across settings – one plan for one child JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 14

15. Family links Encourage contact Consider young people’s views - family-in-mind Support from parents/ carers Transport Close relationship with at least one adult Champion, advocate, standing up for Children in Care Support and time, formal and informal Reliability Effectiveness of social work/educational psychology role Encouragement of key adults from past JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 15

16. Ethnicity and culture Culture, language and religion Context or location Consideration matching, mix, role models Daily care Friendships Encouragement of pro-social friendships Planning and aftercare High quality assessment and planning Desired placements, choice, matching Young person’s involvement, listen to young person JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 16

17. Emotional security precedes educational engagement, advancement, achievement and attainment Resilience – linking parenting and schooling Children who grow up in disadvantaged families who show resilience are more likely to have: Experienced a stable and supportive family Parents who read to them Parents who showed an interest in their education Parents who wanted them to continue with their education Parents who were interested in career planning Parents who took their children on joint activities A father and mother helping with household chores JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 17

18. Attachment theory and the school child – linking emotions, behaviour and learning – part one Carers of each Child in Care need to be able to assess and provide for the attachment needs of the child. Teachers should be equipped to meet the learning style of each attachment profile. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 18 Attachment ProfileLearning Loss Ambivalent Suspended learning/later loss of skills AvoidantNo basic skills Disorganised/disorientedResistant to learning

19. Readiness for school A child will not be able to begin to make the transition into school until 2 major tasks have begun. 1. There must be clear evidence that an attachment to a primary carer is present. 2. The following must also be in evidence: –The ability to live alongside peers –Generally will respond to adult boundaries –Can manage small transitions JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 19

20. Readiness scale for reintegrating children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties into mainstream classrooms (Rebecca Doyle, Norfolk CC - BJSE vol 28, No3 (September 2001) J S\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 20 Self control and management of behaviour Can accept discipline without argument or sulking1234 Can arrive in classroom and settle down quietly and appropriately 1234 Does not leave the room without permission1234 Can accept changes to plans or disappointments with an even temper 1234 Shows some self-discipline when others try to encourage deviation 1234 Is aware of normal sound levels and can be reminded of them and respond appropriately 1234 Does not seek confrontation during unrestricted times e.g. break1234 Can maintain appropriate levels of behaviour when the classroom routine is disrupted 1234

21. Incremental programme for re-integrating children into full-time school (Gallagher, Brannan, Jones and Westwood 2003) JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC21 StageObjectiveLevels of support Expectations At homeCare staff set and supervise. Re- familiarising with routine and the discipline of school life and academic input. Formal mornings. Afternoons informal HighestLower Tuition or support Small group. Increased routines and educational challenge. Children have More peer socialising HigherIncreasing Part time school Re-introduce child to academic and social aspects of school life with increased routines and discipline. Opportunity to socialise with larger numbers of children. DecreasedHigh Full time school Full rigours of school life, routines, discipline, and educational demands. Fullest opportunity to establish relationship with peers. LowerHigher

22. Personal Communication Passports JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 22

23. Questions for your school Achievement What counts as achievement – academic, social, emotional, creative, physical? Are some more highly valued than others? How is it assessed and recorded? What is the link between achievement and ability, aptitude, attainment, performance, standards, progress? JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 23

24. Questions for your school (contd) Inclusion Is the inclusion of some more highly valued? What counts as inclusion? What is the relationship of inclusion and exclusion, integration, participation, identification of needs and abilities? How is inclusion influenced by the needs of individuals, classrooms, practitioners, institutional, families, communities, national (social, cultural and political) What might be the effects of raising achievement on the view of inclusion? What changes can you make to raise achievement of all young people whilst safeguarding the inclusion of others who are more vulnerable? JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 24

25. Attachment theory and the school child – linking emotions, behaviour and learning – part two - how these groups can be helped Ambivalent Able with a level of intellectual capacity Sudden loss in attainment in life Anxious about carers, wary of strangers, upset by separations. Frequently need to be ‘unwrapped’ from an activity or person. Angry when separated so as to get grown up closer Rejects ending or sharing This loss of learning is temporary paralysis JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 25

26. Ambivalent (contd) Overcoming it needs helped to reduce anxiety, understand their ambivalent feelings, and rediscovery learning skills. It is crucial to involve carers and for two people to work together in classroom JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 26

27. Avoidant Unable to acquire skills. As they cannot internalise anything they are thus not ‘free’ to learn in school. Any adult has not held them in mind. They cannot hold on to learning Few concepts, unable to attach any meaning to anything, things are not clear to them and reality is illusive. They had given up getting any response from an attachment figure, to avoid disappointment, by the age of 18 months JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 27

28. Avoidant (contd) Little upset on separation as adults became irrelevant. On reunion they avoid or reject. Little or fleeting interest in their peers. They expect anger or at least pain in relationships Afraid of the world and keep it on the outside of their skin. They crave closeness. They will respond to boundaries and identify with a firm figure (their restlessness is frequently a defence). JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 28

29. Resistant to learning Puzzling group who has seemingly no learning disability. Have the capacity to learn yet resist and frequently direct themselves away from learning. Prevent themselves and others from learning, acting as a clown, bully or just ‘oddly.’ Do conform to a code of behaviour and will alienate adults and peers alike. Chaotic. They take control of their chaos by a rigidity of thinking. Can seem obsessive JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 29

30. Resistant to learning (contd) No memory of an adult being emotionally available for them. They will avoid teachers and peers. Unresolved trauma in past that involved withdrawal of love or abuse. To help this child you will need to have empathetic responses and to be able to mirror back to them their inner emotions. Non-verbally/verbally. It is especially important to note the onset of times of greater difficulty and to interrupt or interpret how they might be feeling. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 30

31. Attachment needs - How a child might behave and why - Understanding WhyUnderstanding Why Why is …Maybe Katie constantly turning around in class? Danger often comes from behind Jodie often ignoring the teacher’s instructions? Jodie is so alert to everything around her that she cannot hear the teacher’s instructions. Jamal always exploding during maths or spelling? Jamal finds it difficult to be wrong or make mistakes, and it is always obvious when answers in maths or spelling are wrong. Wesley refusing to be helped with new work? Wesley wants certainty in his life and never wants to feel helpless again, so he finds it very hard to accept any help. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 31

32. Attachment needs - How a child might behave and why (contd) - Understanding WhyUnderstanding Why JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 32 Why is ….Maybe … Harrison often taking other pupils’ belongings? Stealing is often linked to early loss, especially of caregivers, and this can lead to a more general misunderstanding of the difference between ‘mine’ and ‘yours’. Harrison had little of his own in his early life. Sarah constantly asking the teacher trivial questions about her work? Sarah has very low self-esteem and needs to feel an adult is close to her constantly. She may feel she cannot bear to get it ‘wrong’ or the teacher may ‘disappear’ like others in her life, for which she blames herself.

33. Attachment needs - How a child might behave and why (contd) - Understanding WhyUnderstanding Why Why isMaybe Adam being sulky and refusing to speak with the teacher or others in authority about difficulties? Adam has no words to describe how he feels, so looking sulky is a communication. Merline frequently telling lies?Telling lies is often linked to early loss, especially of caregivers, and leaves children with difficulties distinguishing between fact and fantasy. Merline’s early life has no boundaries and she has difficulty describing her feelings. She is also desperate to be linked and will say what she thinks will please JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 33

34. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009) and amended by NCERCC) Strategic How does your placement commissioning strategy take into account factors which the evidence suggests are likely to lead to better educational, social and emotional outcomes? What measures, in addition to National indicators, do you use to monitor improvement in educational outcomes? Integrated service framework at service and setting level – is there recognition of having unmet needs in various parts of their lives and need multiagency approach in the life of the child JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC34

35. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009 and amended by NCERCC) Strategic (contd) How does your workforce development strategy support all involved in the life of children to promote common approaches in supporting education? Carers being expected and equipped to provide sufficient support and encouragement for learning and development – LSAs alongside carers? How do your Corporate Parents champion educational outcomes? JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC35

36. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009 and amended by NCERCC) Operational In what ways do your organisational structures and processes promote of impede placement stability and continuity of all those involved in the life of a child? Whilst plans, procedures and joint protocols will not themselves bring about the required changes in practice there are 7 enablers of interagency collaboration JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 36

37. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009 and amended by NCERCC) Operational (contd) enablers of interagency collaboration: –understanding and respect for roles and responsibilities of other services –good communication –regular contact and meetings –common priorities and trust –joint training –knowing what services are available and who to contact –clear guidelines and procedures for working together –low staff turnover JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 37

38. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009 and amended by NCERCC) Operational (contd) Do you know your assessments are as rigorous as necessary to include adequate assessment for intervention of highest needs? Do they connect welfare to education? How do you know PEP are used to create effective personalised planning that ensures educational engagement? How do you ensure professionals across all services work together? On admission then regular meetings of DT, SENCO, VH, DT, teacher, social worker and carer to establish communication and preparatory planning, roles and responsibilities, understandings and explanations and plans JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 38

39. No more the scatter of interested parties Questions for Children’s Services (from Quality Matters in Children’s Services – messages from research Stein 2009 and amended by NCERCC) Practice Could you use the Quality of Care as a tool across care and education? How do you assess the needs of young people? How do you support carers and teachers? How do you combine educational and emotional support for children? Do you support the development of case work and direct work with young people JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 39

40. How you can help me? The words of young people Understand that I have strengths and sometimes you focus too much on what I can’t do rather than what I can do. Talk to each other – my parents, carers, social worker and other staff at school – to help you understand me better and find out what I do well and what I find difficult. Make a plan with me to help me through the day or difficult times – it could be about what I like and what I need to avoid, or times of the day like getting up, meal times and bedtimes, or how to help me when I am upset or angry. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 40

41. How you can help me? The words of young people (contd) Tell me when I am managing my behavior well - need to know when I have improved. Telling me ‘well done’ because I didn’t yell at someone when they annoyed me or I asked before borrowing someone’s pen does help me. Help me to recognize my feelings. It helps if you name it and tell me how I am looking and may be feeling. ‘You’re looking happy, smiling and relaxed.’ ‘You’re looking puzzled and screwing your eyes up, is something worrying you?’ If I can talk about it I will, but respect my feelings if I can’t. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 41

42. How you can help me? The words of young people (contd) Tell me in advance about any changes, such as new teachers or going on visits – I need a little bit of time to get used to new things and people and it helps to be reminded about what happens next, such as lunch is in 10 minutes. I feel safer if I know what to expect. I may find it hard to remember to have the right equipment on the right days, such as PE kit, so making sure my parents or carers know will help me. Sometimes I need to be on my own to calm down – can we agree on a safe place for me to go and a quick way for me to tell you I am going? I will only use this when I really need to. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 42

43. How you can help me? The words of young people (contd) Sometimes I do feel angry and I don’t know why – please let me know that’s OK so long as I don’t hurt myself or others. I might find it hard to look at you directly but it doesn’t mean I am not listening to you – don’t ask me to look at you if I find it difficult. My behavior is telling you how I am feeling. It is important that you stick to the plans that we have made for helping me through these difficult times. And most importantly: I do appreciate you being there for me and trying to understand me even on the days when things are difficult. JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC 43

44. 44 JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC

45. Contact details National Centre for Excellence in Residential Child Care (NCERCC) National Children’s Bureau 8 Wakley Street London EC1V 7QE E-mail: jstanley@ ncb.org.uk www.ncb.org.uk/ncercc Tel: 020 7843 1168 Fax: 020 7278 8340 45 JS\NCERCC\Events\OHP.23June09.Dev.Des.Teachers for LAC