1. Study of eye communication
Oculesics
Study of eye communication

2. How is eye contact used? What’s it mean?
to monitor feedback (What do you think?)
secure attention w/ larger groups (like in speeches)
regulate or control a conversation (teacher/student)
establish relationship (when you like someone you increase eye contact)
visual dominance (like animals)
shorten distances (brings us closer together)

3. Eye Avoidance to maintain privacy
How is eye avoidance used? What does it mean?
to maintain privacy
block stimuli (bad sound/close eyes, other good sense/close eyes to heighten other senses-music)
lack of interest

4. Pupil Dilation
enlarge when interested or emotionally aroused (such as when you like someone or thing)

5. Belladonna
15-16 Cent. Italian women put drops of belladonna into eyes to enlarge pupils, thought to be more attractive
1975 study: 2 photos, one large pupils, one small pupils, men asked to describe- women w/ small pupils=cold, hard, selfish; women w/ large pupils=feminine, soft
Why do women use so much eyeliner, mascara, etc? To enlarge eyes

6. Oculesics Practice Staring contest Eye contact around the room
Look at each person for several seconds
Scan from one side to the other
Raise your hand
Staring contest
Find a partner & move to see them
1st, you can blink
2nd, you cannot blink

7. What happens biologically when we speak?
Diagram
Check if you’re breathing correctly

8. Paralanguage The way in which you say words;
volume, pitch, speaking rate, voice quality

9. Volume How loudly or softly you are speaking
When might you speak loudly?
Softly?

10. Speaking Rate/Pace How fast or slow you are speaking
When might you speak fast?
slow?

11. Pitch How high or low the sounds of your voice are
When do you speak with a high pitch?
Low?

12. Chart of Feelings Do write this down.
Volume
Pace
Pitch
Anger
Loud
Fast
High
Joy
Sadness
Soft
Slow
Low

13. Voice Quality
What makes people able to recognize you by your voice alone
Ex: on the phone
Who has a distinct voice?
Arnold Schwarzenegger? Mr. H? Bush?

14. Stress
Volume & pitch; the amount of emphasis you place on different words in a sentence.

15. Stress Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?
I like him very much.
Meaning: You like him, not the other person.
Meaning: It is that guy you like, not someone else.
Meaning: You have very strong feelings.

16. More Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?
She’s giving this money to me.
Meaning: SHE is the one giving the money, nobody else.
Meaning: She is GIVING, not lending.
Meaning: MONEY is being exchanged, not anything else.
Meaning: I am getting the money, nobody else.

17. 10 Volunteers are needed to number off and remember their number
10 Volunteers are needed to number off and remember their number. There will be a series of sentences. The odd numbers will say the sentences as a praise. The even numbers will say the sentences as a criticism. Praise (odd #s) vs. Critisism (even #s)

18. That looks good on you.
#1 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: That looks good (high pitch) on you.
#2 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: That (low) looks good on you.

19. That was some meal.
#3 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: That was some meal (high).
#4 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: That was some meal (low) . Or That (low) was some meal.

20. You’re an expert.
#5 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: You’re (high) an expert (high).
#6 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: You’re an expert (low).

21. You’re so sensitive.
#7 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: You’re so sensitive (high).
#8 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: You’re so (low) sensitive.

22. Are you ready?
#9 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.
Answer: Are you ready (high)?
#10 say the sentence as a criticism.
Answer: Are you (low) ready (high)?

23. The study of spatial communication
Proxemics
The study of spatial communication

24. Four Distances depending on the type of encounter and the nature of the relationship
Typical Situation

25. Intimate Distance: 0-18 inches
Situations: Giving comfort or aid, whispering, conversing w/ close friends and family, kissing
We are easily stimulated in this distance, but often easily uncomfortable.
EX: personal space. Who do we let in it?

26. Personal Distance: 18 inches-4 feet
Situations: Talking w/ friends or business associates, instructing in a sport, other students in class
We’re mostly in this distance.
If you decrease to intimate in this distance people feel uncomfortable, but if you increase your distance people feel rejected.

27. Social Distance: 4 ft - 12 ft
Situations: Discussing impersonal or business matters w/ someone in authority, taking part in a small group discussion

28. Public Distance: 12 ft - 25 ft
Situations: Public speaking, teaching a class, leading a pep rally, fans in the stands at a game, people waiting in a lobby
Mostly with strangers we do not want to interact with

29. Factors Influencing Distance
Based on research of Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall (1995)

30. Age Distance increases with age
People maintain closer distances with peers than with persons much older or younger

31. Personality
Introverts and highly anxious people maintain greater distances than do extroverts

32. Relational
Persons more familiar with each other maintain shorter distances
Persons maintain shorter distances with those they like
The greater the status difference, the greater the difference

33. Context The more formal the situation, the greater the distance
Shorter distances are maintained for cooperative tasks than for competitive tasks
The greater the space, the shorter the distance

34. Gender
Women sit and stand closer to each other than do men in same-sex dyads
People approach women more closely than they approach men

35. Conclusions
Based on the four types of distances and their examples, what can you conclude about the correlation between the distance people have with you and what that might mean?
The closer the more they like you; the farther away the less personal.

36. The study of touch communication
Haptics
The study of touch communication

37. 5 reasons we touch:

38. 1. Positive emotions
support, appreciation, inclusion, sexual interest, and affection
Communicates composure, affection, trust

39. 2. Playfulness
Tells the other person not to take them seriously
EX: tag, slap on the back

40. 3. Control
touch controls another person’s behaviors, attitudes, feelings
EX: “move over,” “hurry,” “stay there”

41. 4. Ritualistic greetings and departures
EX: shaking hands, kiss, hug, or put arm on shoulder

42. 5. Task-related Touch for a task
EX: removing of a hair on other’s shirt, checking fore-head for a fever
Customers gave larger tips when lightly touched by waitress (Marsh 1988)

43. Review 5 reasons for touch
Positive emotions
Playfulness
Control
Ritualistic
Task-related