1. Full-Depth Reclamation Using a Cement Slurry Spreader Attached to a Ready Mixed Concrete Truck W. Spencer Guthrie, Ph.D., Associate Professor Charles A. Hope, EIT, Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University

2. ASCE Infrastructure Report Card

4. Water Content Cement Content Cast Rolled No Wearing Course Required Wearing Course Required Roller-Compacted Concrete Conventional Concrete Soil-Cement Flowable Fill Cement-Modified Soil Full-Depth Reclamation Cement- Treated Base Cement-Based Pavement Materials Pervious Concrete

5. Definition of Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) “…technique in which the full flexible pavement section and a predetermined portion of the underlying materials are uniformly crushed, pulverized, or blended, resulting in a stabilized base course; further stabilization may be obtained through the use of available additives.” - Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association

6. FDR is most appropriate under the following conditions: ■ The pavement is seriously damaged and cannot be rehabilitated with simple resurfacing. ■ The existing pavement distress indicates that the problem likely exists in the base or subgrade. ■ The existing pavement distress requires full-depth patching over more than 15 to 20 percent of the surface area. ■ The pavement structure is inadequate for the current or future traffic.

7. Uses in-place materials Requires little or no material to be hauled off Maintains or improves existing grade Conserves virgin material Saves cost by using in-place “investment” Saves energy by reducing mining and hauls Is a very sustainable process Advantages of the FDR Process

8. Benefits of FDR Using Cement Increased rigidity for distributing loads Elimination of rutting below surface Reduced moisture and frost susceptibility Reduced fatigue cracking Thinner pavement sections

9. Rehabilitation Strategies Attribute Rehabilitation Strategy Reclamation with Cement Structural Overlay Removal and Replacement New pavement structure  Fast construction  X Minimal traffic disruption  XX Minimal material in/out  XX Conservation of resources  XX Maintenance of existing elevation  X  Low cost  XX

10. Pulverize, Shape, Add Cement, Mix In Place, Compact, and Surface Granular Base Subgrade Existing road Bituminous Surfacing Subgrade Pulverized Pulverization to desired depth Subgrade Pulverized Removal of excess material (if necessary) and shaping Subgrade Stabilized Addition of cement, mixing, reshaping, and compacting Subgrade Stabilized New Surfacing Application of final surface course FDR Construction Process

11. Pulverization

12. Reshaping

13. Cement Spreading

15. Cement Uniformity

16. Material Blending

17. Compaction

18. Grading

19. Curing

20. Minimal Disruption

21. Microcracking

22. Microcracking

23. Surfacing

24. Service Life = 20 years Design Equivalent Single Axle Loads = 15,000 Overall Standard Deviation = 0.45 Initial Serviceability = 4.5 Terminal Serviceability = 2.0 Asphalt Structural Layer Coefficient = 0.40 Cement-Treated Base Structural Layer Coefficient = 0.18 Drainage Coefficient = 1.0 Subgrade Resilient Modulus = 15 ksi New Surfacing Subgrade 8 in. CTB 3 in. HMA Final Pavement Structure Pavement Analysis Cost = 20% Less than Traditional Reconstruction Reliability = 99.99%

25. Summary FDR with cement stabilization provides a durable structural layer with many engineering, environmental, and economic benefits Cement can be applied on urban projects with a slurry spreader attachment to ensure uniformity and eliminate all fugitive dust

26. Thank You! guthrie@byu.edu charleshope@byu.net