1. Safe Environment Contract
This classroom must be an environment in which all cadets feel safe asking questions and learning about the human reproductive system.

2. Safe Environment Contract
I understand that I am welcome to ask scientifically-relevant questions, using anatomically-correct terminology.
I understand that I have the right to feel safe and comfortable in this class and outside of it when discussing classwork and/or topics.
I understand that if I feel uncomfortable or threatened in any way that I have the right to come forward for help without fear of repercussion.
I understand that under NO circumstances will ANY harassment (whether verbal, emotional, physical, or otherwise) be tolerated against any other person(s) in the class.
Consequences for harassment can include parent/guardian intervention, administrative referrals, or police involvement, as necessary and warranted.

3. Safe Environment Contract
If I do not choose to sign and/or respect the regulations outlined in the contract I will be removed from class activities, discussions, and other interactions.
Alternative work will only earn up to 70% of the normal grade.

4. Human Reproductive Systems

5. The Male Reproductive System
Part 1

6. Overview
To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)
To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex
To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive system

7. Organs Penis Scrotum Testicles (testes) Epididymis Vas deferens
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland

8. Penis Male organ used during sexual intercourse. Three parts Root
Attaches to abdominal wall
Body (Shaft)
Glans
Cone-shaped “head”
Covered by the foreskin
Circumcision: removal of foreskin

9. Penis The body of the penis is composed of three circular chambers
2 Corpora Cavernosa
1 Corpus Spongisum
These tissues contain large spaces that become engorged with blood when the male is aroused.
This causes the penis to become erect and allows for penetration during sex.

10. Scrotum Pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis
Houses the testicles
Function
“Climate-control” for testicles
For optimal sperm development the testicles must be slightly below body temperature
Muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract (keep the testicles warmer) or relax (let the testicles cool down)

11. Testicles (Testes) Generate sperm and produce testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone

12. Testicles (Testes)
Seminiferous tubules within the testicles produce sperm cells

13. Sperm Cells Arcosome Head Midpiece (body) Flagella (tail)
Enzyme-filled tip that allows the sperm to penetrate the egg
Head
Contains half of man’s DNA
Midpiece (body)
Contains mitochondria to provide energy for sperm movement
Flagella (tail)
Propels the sperm toward the egg

14. Epididymis
Transports and stores sperm cells which were produced in the testicles
Brings sperm to maturity
Sperm produced by the testicles are immature and incapable of fertilization

15. Vas Deferens
Muscular tube that transports mature sperm to the urethra

16. Urethra Tube which carries
Urine from the bladder
Semen from the testicles/seminal vesicles
When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra
This means that only semen is expelled (ejaculated) during orgasm

17. Seminal Vesicles
Produces sugar-rich fluid that becomes mixed with the sperm cells
Provides sperm with energy to move
This fluid makes up most of the male’s ejaculatory fluid (ejaculate)

18. Prostate Gland
Provides additional fluids that are part of the ejaculate
Helps nourish the sperm

19. The Female Reproductive System: Internal Structures
Part 2

20. Overview Produces female reproductive cells called ova (eggs)
Moves ova to site of fertilization, then to the developmental chamber
If no fertilization/implantation, designed to menstruate
Shedding of the uterine lining
Produces female sex hormones

21. Overview
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

22. Ovaries
Produce ova (eggs) and hormones

23. Fallopian Tubes Tubes which connect ovaries to the uterus
Conception (fertilization of an ovum by sperm) occurs here

24. Uterus
Houses the developing fetus after a fertilized ovum implants in the uterine wall
Two parts:
Cervix: Lower part which opens into the vagina; muscular ring
Corpus: Main body of organ
Endometrium: lining of the uterus

25. Vagina Canal which joins cervix to the outside of the body
Also known as the “birth canal”

26. The Female Reproductive System: External Structures
Part 3

27. Overview Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Hymen Bartholin’s glands
Clitoris
These organs are collectively called the vulva

28. Mons Pubis Adipose tissue (fat) lying above the pubic bone
After puberty it enlarges and becomes covered with hair
Mons pubis

29. Labia Majora “Large lips” Protects other external reproductive organs
Comparable to the scrotum in males
Protects other external reproductive organs
Contain sweat and oil-secreting glands

30. Labia Minora “Small lips” Located just inside the labia majora
Surrounding the vaginal and urethral openings
Note: Males have one orifice for urine excretion and copulation while females have two separate orifices for these functions.

31. Hymen Membrane which surrounds or partially covers the vaginal opening
The opening to the vagina can vary in size
Does NOT fully cover the vaginal opening
In rare cases, the hymen may occlude the vaginal opening (imperforate hymen) and surgery may be required

32. Hymen Usually wears away by puberty due to various causes Athletics
Tampon/menstrual cup usage
Washing
Self-exploration (masturbation)
Even just walking!

33. Bartholin’s Glands Located beside the vaginal opening
Produce a mucosal secretion
Serves as lubrication for the labia during sexual intercourse
This is NOT the main source of vaginal lubrication

34. Lubrication The vagina itself does NOT contain glands!
The majority of the natural lubrication produced during arousal is actually plasma seepage due to vascular engorgement
Plasma is the light yellow liquid in blood that holds the blood cells in suspension.
Vascular engorgement in an eye

35. Clitoris Small protrusion with an abundance of nerves
Comparable to the penis in males
Covered by the prepuce
Comparable to the foreskin in males
Becomes erect during arousal

36. The Menstrual Cycle

37. Video