1. Paul Mundy www.mamud.com The seven Cs of editing C C C C C C C

2. The best writing The best writing is rewriting Best-selling authors go through many drafts When you have finished writing  Leave the draft for a day or two  Come back to it with fresh eyes  Give it to someone else for comments  Ask an editor for help

3. The Seven Cs of editing Go through the manuscript section by section, paragraph by paragraph. Check… 1.Is the content relevant? 2.Is it correct? 3.Is it clear? 4.Is it complete? 5.Is it concise? 6.Is it concrete? 7.Is it consistent?

4. C 1Is the content relevant? Is the overall topic relevant to the audience?  No? Rewrite it – or choose a new topic Does the manuscript deal with an important, widespread problem?  Change the focus Does it tell the readers something they already know?  Consider deleting this info Is each item of info useful and relevant to the readers?  Change it or delete it Is the information specific enough to be useful?  If it’s too general, sharpen it by providing details

5. Rural Land Administration, STDM and the potential for Enumeration tool (The case of Amhara Region) Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa, bordered by the Sudan on the west, Somalia and Djibouti on the East, Eritrea on the North and Kenya on the South. Ethiopia covers an area of 1.14 million square Kilometers. The country has diversified geography that range from Ras Dejen (4620m above sea level) to the Afar depression (Kobar sink-110 m.a.s.l). The total population is close to 80 million and some 85% are still living in the rural areas where by primarily gets its livelihood directly or indirectly from land. (www.mfa.gov.et) Women account for 48% of the total population while 20% of the rural households are supposed to be headed by women. (ESIF 2008). Rural Land Administration, STDM and the potential for Enumeration tool (The case of Amhara Region) Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa, bordered by the Sudan on the west, Somalia and Djibouti on the East, Eritrea on the North and Kenya on the South. Ethiopia covers an area of 1.14 million square Kilometers. The country has diversified geography that range from Ras Dejen (4620m above sea level) to the Afar depression (Kobar sink-110 m.a.s.l). The total population is close to 80 million and some 85% are still living in the rural areas where by primarily gets its livelihood directly or indirectly from land. (www.mfa.gov.et) Women account for 48% of the total population while 20% of the rural households are supposed to be headed by women. (ESIF 2008).

6. C 2Is it correct? Is the information truthful and accurate? Are the statements scientifically justifiable? Are the spelling, grammar and punctuation correct?  Eliminate the problems

7. Tsetse fly About 10 million km2 of sub saharan Africa has difficulties in fully exploiting the agricultural potentisl of the region due to the prevalence of tsetse fly iwhich transmits trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomiuasis causes livestock death and greatly reduces production. On area seriously affected by Trypanoosomiasis is the Konso region in Ethiopia. Tsetse fly About 10 million km2 of sub saharan Africa has difficulties in fully exploiting the agricultural potentisl of the region due to the prevalence of tsetse fly iwhich transmits trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomiuasis causes livestock death and greatly reduces production. On area seriously affected by Trypanoosomiasis is the Konso region in Ethiopia.

8. C 3Is it clear? Will the reader be able to understand the information easily?  Are there scientific terms or jargon that can be made simpler?  Get rid of the jargon Are the paragraphs and sentences too long?  Shorten them  Delete unnecessary words  Split sentences into parts Is the language too formal?  Make it more conversational

9. Land certification The present land certification system, despite innovative in a number of aspects, limits itself totally to administrative records which lacks basic spatial framework. The situation basically calls for the urgent need to look in to an implementable and affordable solution as the current cadastral surveying and mapping is found to be expensive and time taking considering the big geography and large population of the nation. Land certification The present land certification system, despite innovative in a number of aspects, limits itself totally to administrative records which lacks basic spatial framework. The situation basically calls for the urgent need to look in to an implementable and affordable solution as the current cadastral surveying and mapping is found to be expensive and time taking considering the big geography and large population of the nation.

10. C 4Is it complete? Is there enough information to be useful?  Eg, could the reader use the technology successfully after following the instructions? Are any important items omitted? Are all the steps in a process covered in enough detail?  Add the missing information

11. Watering the tree nursery This should be twice a day (morning and evening). Apart from quantity, quality of water is crucial in drylands. 20-30 litres of water per 1000 seedlings. To encourage watering, establish a vegetable garden at the back of the nursery (people will always water the vegetables). Watering the tree nursery This should be twice a day (morning and evening). Apart from quantity, quality of water is crucial in drylands. 20-30 litres of water per 1000 seedlings. To encourage watering, establish a vegetable garden at the back of the nursery (people will always water the vegetables).

12. C 5Is it concise? Does it unnecessarily repeat information? Does it use ten words when two will do?  Delete the unneeded words Is any information unnecessary?  Cut it out

13. Biomass The energetic use of biomass has traditionally been a major source of energy worldwide. Even today about 11 percent of the world’s annual primary energy supply are based on biomass use, with much larger fractions in most developing countries. On the one hand the traditional use of firewood constitutes still the largest part of biomass consumption. Nevertheless in many cases firewood cannot be assumed a renewable source because of its overuse causing the destruction of remaining wood resources. On the other hand so called modern bioenergy makes up an increasing part of the consumption. Modern bioeneregy in this context means not only a sustainable (and therefore renewable) use of biomass resources but as well an efficient direct use (e.g. for improved stoves) or conversion to energy carriers as electricity or solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Biomass The energetic use of biomass has traditionally been a major source of energy worldwide. Even today about 11 percent of the world’s annual primary energy supply are based on biomass use, with much larger fractions in most developing countries. On the one hand the traditional use of firewood constitutes still the largest part of biomass consumption. Nevertheless in many cases firewood cannot be assumed a renewable source because of its overuse causing the destruction of remaining wood resources. On the other hand so called modern bioenergy makes up an increasing part of the consumption. Modern bioeneregy in this context means not only a sustainable (and therefore renewable) use of biomass resources but as well an efficient direct use (e.g. for improved stoves) or conversion to energy carriers as electricity or solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.

14. C 6Is it concrete? Does the manuscript say…  When a particular technology or policy is appropriate?  When it should not be used (eg, on which soils, at what altitude)? Does it give an indication of costs and benefits?  But don’t provide price info if they change quickly After reading, will the reader be able to put the recommendations into practice?  Or is more information needed?  Provide the missing info

15. C 7Is it consistent? Does the same word mean the same thing in different parts of the text? Is the style consistent?  Eg, are bullets or numbers used correctly in lists?  Are the headings at the correct levels? Is the level of language the same throughout?  Not simple language in one part but technical in another