1. Word order typology Word Order%Example SOV45%Turkish, Japanese SVO42%English, French VSO9%Irish, Tagalog VOS3% Malagasy (Madagascar) OVS1%Hixkaryana (Amazon) OSV0%??

2. SOV (Japanese) SubjObjV Watashi-gahon-oyonda. I-Subjbook-Objread “I read a book.”

3. SVO (Indonesian) SubjVObj Tinimakandurian. Tinieatdurian “Tini eats durian.”

4. VSO (Tagalog, Philippines) VSubjObj Kumainsi-Pedrong-isda. ateSubj-PedroObj-fish “Pedro ate a fish.”

5. VOS (Seediq, Taiwan) VObjSubj MekanidoPawan. eatricePawan “Pawan eats rice.”

6. OVS (Hixkaryana) 1.nomohtxownahoroto camespider.monkey “Spider monkeys came.” 2.totoyonoyekamara manatejaguar “The jaguar ate the man.”

7. Head Position Head-initial:The head appears in the first position of its phrase. Head-final:The head appears in the last position of its phrase. Head position is a meta-rule in the mental grammar.

8. Head-Initial (Indonesian) VP =>V NP membacabuku readbook “read a book” PP => P NP kepadaAli toAli

9. NP =>N (Adj) Det 1.orangitu personthat “that person” 2.orangtuaitu personelderlythat “that elderly person”

10. Head-Final (Japanese) VP => (PP) NP V 1.hon-oyomu book-Objread “read a book” 2.uchidehon-oyomu homeatbook-Objread “read a book at home”

11. PP => NP P Tokyoni Tokyoto “to Tokyo” NP => (Det) (Adj) N kono akaikuruma thisredcar “this red car”