1. Prompt #1: Tell me why the Republican Party was formed. What was going on? For what reasons formed? Thesis: During the 1840s and early 1850s the Republican party emerged due to the social issue of the morality of slavery, the disagreement of the North with the South’s interest in extending slave labor, and the political struggle between the North and South’s desire for more power in government through representation. Social Morality issue of slavery Economic issue over slave labor Political struggle between North and South over power in government through representatives. 1.John Brown (massacred during Bleeding Kansas) 2.Frederick Douglass 3.William Lloyd Garrison 4.Personal Liberty Laws overturned (Prigg vs Pennsylvania) 5.Fugitive Slave Law is now stronger (Compromise of 1850) 6.Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe 1.Free Soil Party wants the west for white male farmers 2.Ostend Manifesto (King Cotton; more southern economic advantage) 3.Gadsen Purchase (economic benefit for south to allow railroad to pass there) 4.Kansas Nebraska Act (economic benefit for north to allow railroad to pass there) 1.Slave power conspiracy 2.Wilmot Proviso (lead to more free states) 3.Popular Sovereignty (South’s opportunity to get more slave states) 4.Missouri Compromise (kept balance) 5.Compromise of 1850 (upset balance. Benefit North) 6.Kansas- Nebraska Act (Benefits South. Upsets North b/c slavery in North)

2. The Market Revolution had an important impact in the Northeast and the South with the introduction of new innovations and changes in society. For the South, the impact was the growing of cotton and a focus on slavery. The impact on the North was a growth in industrial manufacturing and immigration. Both led to interdependence which led up to specialization and increased sectionalism between the two regions.

3. Manufacturing and processing of goods (North) Samuel Slater Lowell Growth of corporations North wants American System North wants higher tariffs Tariffs of Abomination opposed by South Growing of cotton(South) “Cotton is King” Slavery expands Cotton gin

4. Improvement of Transportation North: Railroads South: Steamboats Mississippi River Technological Improvements North: Strong Industries: Interchangeable parts, rubber, sewing machine South: Strong Agriculture: cotton gin Revolution leads to interdependence Panics hurt all sections

5. Irish/German Immigrations (North) Nativism Know Nothing Party Women Roles North: Part of the working class, central to family Lowell Mill Girls South: Southern Belle Working class Northern workers slaves to the clock Southern increase in slavery: 41,000 to 438,000 slaves Planter Aristocracy in the South

6. During the mid 1800’s the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions was mostly ineffective because there was discontent with finding a balance between the admittance of states as free or slave, as well as, what jurisdiction should fall under state powers versus federal powers; however, some compromises were initially effective in maintaining the balance and holding off secession for the short term.

7. Free VS Slave State Missouri Compromise Kept balance Compromise of 1850 Cali came in free so messed up balance Kansas-Nebraska act Kills Missouri Comp Leads to Bleeding Kansas bc South wants a slave state State VS Federal Nullification Crisis States have right to secede? Treaty of Guadalupe 36’30 doesn’t apply Wilmot Proviso vs pop sov North doesn’t want slavery to extend so want feds to decide Comp of 1850 Utah; New Mexico popular sov (upsets North)

8. Missouri Compromise ended in a happy resolution for a short period of time Dealt with Louisiana Purchase Congress saw compromise of 1850 as a triumph of statesmanship, but it was not a product of widespread agreement Effectively handled the talk of secession of the Nashville Conference But concessions were done out of self interest All compromisers of old will start dying out

9. Westward Expansion was embraced with the promotion of the idea of manifest destiny. However, as time went on the adding of land to the U.S would lead to the north and south trying to influence political policy by gaining more states to keep the balance in or control the senate. The need for the control of policies was escalated by economics. The North and South wanted the new land to be used for free labor or slave labor respectively.

10. Topic: At first Manifest Destiny was promoted as the U.S gained more land and the U.S government handled acquisition with minimal problems. Louisiana Purchase U.S increased by 20% Jefferson claimed he acquired for the common white man Missouri Compromise settle Louisiana Purchase Land issue Missouri first state of territory to apply for statehood Kept balance between North and South Introduce Maine as free state 36’30 line clear cut But then Mexican War land Treaty of Guadalupe More land in south; could lead to imbalance Topic: The Mexican American war introduced new land that could be either slave or free states and upset the balance of power in Congress Oregon Issue Didn’t gain more land in north Compromise of 1850 North wins new state Bleeding Kansas Repeals Missouri Compromise Possible slavery in North North and South fighting North creates Republican party to protect their interests Nebraska act Benefits South bc pop sov

11. Plantations vs. industry Free Soil Ideology West for North free labor Homestead act not adopted Upset North Plantation owners Want to extend slavery. Slavery Conspiracy Grow cotton take up land so need more land Ostend Manifesto Irish industry workers North needs free labor bc of pop.

12. The vision of the “New South” was barely a reality because although black rights were given legally, they continued to be discriminated against. In addition, while the economic system became slightly diversified, the wealthy white male remained in economic power.

13. Topic Sentence overview: Still discriminated against, could not exercise legal rights Black codes (Previously slave codes) similiar Jim Crow Laws (segregation) Limitations to vote for blacks due to:  Literacy test  Grandfather clause  Poll Tax  Jelly Bean Test Counterpoint:  Given Right to citizenship and voting  14 th amendment  15 th amendment

14. Topic Sentence overview: Wealthy whites remain in power Plantation system transformed into Share cropping (Serfdom) Cash cropping remained the same Vagrancy laws (blacks forced to work) Most of wealthy population is white Redeemers using sharecropping; Scalawags and Carpetbaggers using industry Counterpoint: Labor systems changed  Slavery abolished (Slave labor to free labor)  13 th Amendment  Manufacturing increase (supplemented by railroads)  10% of mfg in South

15. During the 1790s-1860’s, the roles of women in American society changed mostly by being publically involved and successful at rising against the prejudice and gaining reforms. Roles somewhat changed domestically because women’s job opportunities grew. However, the women workforce was still restricted in many ways.

16. Social  Education provided for Women -> allowed to attend school  Holyoke  Rise of Feminism  Stanton, Mott, Anthony, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments  Advocated women’s suffrage  Godey’s Lady Book  Fought for abolitionism  Grimke sisters, Sojourner  Harriett Beecher Stowe  Uncle Tom's Cabin  Fought for Temperance  WCTU  Counterpoint:  Coeducation rare. Few women colleges  Despite feminism no suffrage granted Domestic Workforce Teachers Lowell mill girls Nursing Clara Barton (Red Cross) Counterpoint: once married, stopped working Paid less Restricted to small workforce no women in higher positions: Lawyer