1. Limits, Critics, Mistakes, Impact, & Enduring Legacy

2. Programs Failed To Bring The U.S. Out Of The Great Depression Some not as successful as people had hoped Ex. - FLSA – only covered ¼ of workers, minimum wage lower than most covered Women NRA – allowed lower wages for women for same job Most jobs went to men ( type of work, “head of household”) Labor Protections did not extend to domestic jobs BUT 1 st Female Cabinet Member Secretary of Labor – Frances Perkins African Americans Segregated public works, lower pay, no skilled jobs Last hired, first fired No anti-lynching laws passed BUT did appoint more AAs to policy making posts than any President before him Invited AA leaders to advise him First Lady outspoken on racial issues

3. Political Right – conservative, preserve the current system or power structure ND went too far, FDR had too much power Considered programs socialist / communist SSA – penalized successful, hardworking people / #s seemed militaristic Led by Alfred E. Smith (American Liberty League 1934) ND was unconstitutional Compulsory unemployment insurance – Socialist/Communist Political Left – seek governmental change as means of helping the common people New Deal – did not do enough In favor of more socialist type programs More gov’t involvement Some called for redistribution of income Demagogues– charismatic leaders who manipulate people with half-truths, deceptive promises, and scare tactics Examples - Coughlin/Long

4. “Roosevelt Recession” (1937) 1933-1937 GNP ↑ 10%per year / Unemployment ↓ to 10% (from 25%) FDR believed in balanced budget, reduces federal spending WPA (main relief/recovery agency of 2 nd ND) – cuts funding in ½ Social Security – started w/ less than promised Sent U.S. into a recession Stock Market collapsed Unemployment jumps back up to 19% Court-Packing Scheme (1937) FDR’s plan to add justices to the Supreme Court Why? – Striking down some programs as unconstitutional Wanted to appoint justices who would support his plans

5. Cultural Life WPA supported unemployed artists, musicians, historians, actors, and writers Federal Music Project / Federal Theatre Project Careers Started and helped careers of many famous writers Environment CCC / Dust Bowl Continued work of TR – Conserved 12 million acres Labor Movement CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) Wagner Act Guaranteed collective bargaining but businesses did not have to accept the terms of the unions Strikes – wave of strikes as a result Sit-down strikes – stopped working, refused to leave, picket lines outside

6. Deficit Spending & National Debt Set precedent for spending out of economic downturns Enduring Programs FDIC, SEC, AAA, TVA Social Security – Foundation of Welfare State Public Works Lasting monuments to the ND (Bridges, Dams, Parks, Schools) Transformation of Democratic Party New Deal Coalition – organized labor, African Americans and other ethnic groups, women, city-dwellers, middle-class ALSO – Southern Democrats – FDR did not challenge the existing power structure in the South – needed their votes for programs Expansion of the Federal Gov’t Regulation of the Economy Welfare & Social Security Role of the President