1. Totalitarianism Totalitarian States = 1. Nazi Germany
2. Stalinist Russia

2. Aspects of Totalitarian regimes
Extended the functions and power of the state
Active loyalty and commitment of the citizens
Modern mass propaganda and modern communications - conquer hearts and minds
Economic control
Political control
Social control
Intellectual control
Cultural control
Single leader or party
Rejection of liberalism - no constitutions, no limited govt, no civil liberties, no voting
Focus on the “will of the people” - which the leader or party determined
Transcended traditional political labels = it was both extreme left and extreme right

3. Italy in 1919 - 1. Poor performance in WW I 2
Italy in Poor performance in WW I 2. Felt they were cheated at the Paris Peace Conference 3. Inflation and unemployment 4. Discontented veterans 5. Weak and ineffective government 6. Fear of communism and Bolshevik style revolution

4. Benito Mussolini Fails as a school teacher
Becomes a socialist and editor of a socialist newspaper
Supports Italian entry into WW I - becomes a nationalist - expelled from the socialist party
In 1919 forms a new political party called the Fascio di Combittimento = the League of Combat
Fasces = axe and bundle of rods/sticks that was the ancient Roman symbol of the power of the state
Fascism = the political party and ideology developed by Mussolini

5. The rise of Mussolini and the Fascists
1. Growing political power of the socialists 2. Fear that Italy might have a communist revolution 3. Strikes, class conflict and violence rip through Italy 4. Business and middle class begin supporting Mussolini - protection from revolution 5. Mussolini’s beliefs = anti-communism/anti-strike activity/nationalism 6. Fascists form armed groups called the SQUADRISTI - attack socialist offices and newspaper 7. Alliance between the liberals and the Fascists 8. The March on Rome - Oct = Mussolini plans to march to Rome and seize power 9. The government caves in before the march takes place and the King names Mussolini as Prime Minister

6. The Black Shirts =
Mussolini’s followers
1924 national elections - the Fascists win 65% of the vote
1924 the Fascists assassinate the socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti - political crisis and Mussolini almost loses power
1925 Mussolini begins the process of establishing a full dictatorship

7. By 1926 Mussolini had
1. Abolished freedom of the press 2. Rigged elections 3. Government ruled by decree 4. Political opponents were arrested 5. Labor unions disbanded 6. Schools were controlled by the fascists 7. Italy had become a one-party dictatorship

8. “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state!”
Mussolini = he and his party were the state

9. Mussolini tried to create a totalitarian state =
Police/secret police - repression and intimidation
Propaganda
Control of education and brain washing of youth
Creation of numerous fascists organizations
But he never was able to accomplish it
The army remained independent
The monarchy remained independent
The church - The Lateran Accords 1929 = recognized the Vatican as an independent state and the in return urged people to support the Fascist regime of Mussolini

10. DER SPIELVOGEL pp
What happened as a result of the threatened “march on Rome” in October 1922?
By 1939 what were the only major countries that were liberal democracies?
What happened to MATTEOTTI?
What was outlawed in Italy in 1926?
What 2 countries were the best examples of TOTALITARIAN regimes?
What was the OVRA?
Define – IL DUCE
What 5 aspects of life did totalitarian governments attempt to control?
What were 2 methods used by the Fascists to control people’s thinking?
What were 3 elements of the modern totalitarian state?
What was the Fascist education policy?
What was the Fascist slogan for women?
Was totalitarianism extreme left wing radicalism or extreme right wing conservatism?
Why did Mussolini fail to achieve the same degree of totalitarian control as Hitler and Stalin?
What were 3 major problems for Italy after WWI?
What were the LATERAN ACCORDS 1929?
What was MUSSOLINI’s new political movement called?
What 4 things did Mussolini realize would help him obtain control over Italy?
Who were the SQUADRISTI?
Fear of what 3 things caused the middle classes to support the FASCISTS?