1. A Comparison of Eastern European Anti-communist Exiles By Martin Nekola, Ph.D.

2. 1945 -1948 → communist parties in power → massive refugee wave to the West → formation of anti- communist exiles 1945 -1948 → communist parties in power → massive refugee wave to the West → formation of anti- communist exiles

3. Cold war exiles: Cold war exiles: - 1945-1989 - 1945-1989 - Albanians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Czechs, Estonians, Hungarians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenians and many others… - Albanians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Czechs, Estonians, Hungarians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Serbs, Slovenians and many others… Exile centers: Munich, Paris, London, Ottawa, New York, Washington D.C. Exile centers: Munich, Paris, London, Ottawa, New York, Washington D.C.

4. Comparison of the exiles, criteria: Organizations Organizations Leaders Leaders financial background financial background forms of propaganda forms of propaganda efforts and aims efforts and aims involvement in supranational projects involvement in supranational projects recognition from Western authorities recognition from Western authorities support among the exile public support among the exile public

5. Exile politics: Political parties Political parties National committees National committees Supranational organizations - internationals Supranational organizations - internationals

6. 1. Political parties restoration of dissolved political parties in exile conditions restoration of dissolved political parties in exile conditions First Activities in Refugee camps First Activities in Refugee camps Lack of funding and skilled people Lack of funding and skilled people Internal problems Internal problems

7. 2. National committees Formation 1947 - 1951 Formation 1947 - 1951 former politicians, diplomats, government officials, journalists, scientists… former politicians, diplomats, government officials, journalists, scientists… Propaganda, information, cultural and memorial events, Lobbying western officials Propaganda, information, cultural and memorial events, Lobbying western officials

8. 1947 - Polish National Democratic Council (Polski Komitet Narodowo Demokratyczny) - Hungarian National Committee (Magyar Nemzeti Bizottmány) 1948 - Romanian National Committee (Comitetului National Român) 1949 - Council of a Free Czechoslovakia (Rada svobodného Č eskoslovenska) - Committee for a Free Albania (Komitetit Kombetar Shqipëria e Lirë ) - Bulgarian National Committee - Free and Independent Bulgaria (Bulgarski Nacionalen Komitet - Svobodna i nezavisima Bulgaria 1951 - National Commitee for a Free Latvia (Komiteja latvijas br ī v ī bai) - National Committee for a Free Lithuania (Lietuvos laisv ė s komitetas) - National Commitee for a Free Estonia (Vaba Eesti Komitee)

9. 3. internationals Supranational cooperation of socialists, agrarians, liberals, christian democrats already in the interwar period Supranational cooperation of socialists, agrarians, liberals, christian democrats already in the interwar period After ww2: After ww2: New International Teams (Nouvelles Équipes Internationales – NEI) New International Teams (Nouvelles Équipes Internationales – NEI) World Liberal Union (WLU) World Liberal Union (WLU) Committee of the International Socialist Conference (COMISCO) Committee of the International Socialist Conference (COMISCO) International Federation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) International Federation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)

10. Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe (CDUCE) Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe (CDUCE) International Peasant Union (IPU) International Peasant Union (IPU) Socialist Union of Central – Eastern Europe (SUCEE) Socialist Union of Central – Eastern Europe (SUCEE) Liberal-Democratic Union of Central-Eastern Europe (LDUCEE) Liberal-Democratic Union of Central-Eastern Europe (LDUCEE) International Federation of Free Trade Unions in Exile (ICFTUE) International Federation of Free Trade Unions in Exile (ICFTUE) Professional internationals: journalists, academicians, students, former political prisoners, youth, women… Professional internationals: journalists, academicians, students, former political prisoners, youth, women…

11. Thank you for your attention…