1. Movements Parties Interest Groups Chapter 7 1

2. The Political System I NPUTS O UTPUTS F EEDBACK LOOP 2 G OVERNMENT Executive Legislature Judiciary Mass public Movements Interest groups Parties Media Adm. regulations Leg. statutes Court decisions

3. Madison’s Assumptions Human nature – Often flawed by self-interest, haste, passion, and short- sightedness – True of even the “best and the brightest” in both the mass public and the educated elites Best approximation of the common good – Bargaining and compromise between competing interests – Rarely does one side have a monopoly on wisdom and virtue 3

4. Enduring Questions 1. What are the differences between: a) Political movements b) Political parties c) Political interest groups 2. What are the four types of political party systems in democracies around the world? 3. How have movements, parties, and interest groups varied over time and place? 4

5. Definitions: Political movements – Unorganized group of individuals sharing a common political interest or grievance Political parties – Organized group working within government Political interest groups – Organized group pressuring government from without 5

6. Four Types of Political Party Systems in Democracies 6 Two-party 1Presidential 2Parliamentary Multi-party 3Presidential 4Parliamentary

7. Defining Features: Type of Government and Elections 7 T YPE OF G OVERNMENT T YPE OF E LECTION S INGLE - MEMBER LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS ( WINNER - TAKE - ALL ) M ULTI - MEMBER LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS ( PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ) P RESIDENTIAL U.S.France P ARLIAMENTARY U.K.Most others P ARTY S YSTEM T WO -P ARTY M ULTI -P ARTY

8. Defining Features: Type of Government and Elections 8 T YPE OF G OVERNMENT T YPE OF E LECTION S INGLE - MEMBER LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS ( WINNER - TAKE - ALL ) M ULTI - MEMBER LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS ( PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ) P RESIDENTIAL U.S.France P ARLIAMENTARY U.K.Most others P ARTY S YSTEM T WO -P ARTY M ULTI -P ARTY

9. Components of Political Parties Party base – Individual identifiers – Interest groups Party leaders – Within the party organization – Within government 9

10. 7 Party Systems In U.S. History (p. 126) ___________________________________ 1.1788 Founding 2.1824 Nation Building 3.1860 Civil War & Reconstruction 4.1896 Industrial Revolution 5.1932 New Deal 6.1968 De-alignment 7.2004 ?? 10

11. Interest Groups Catalyst – Shared interest or grievance Types – Grass roots (bottom up) – Astroturf(top down) Proliferation – Across history in the U.S. – In other nations 11

12. Recent changes in U.S. elections 1. Primary elections 2. GIS redistricting 3. Communications-media narrow-casting 12