1. What were the criteria that voters prioritized for redistricting when they approved the California Redistricting Commission (CRC) initiative? If the legislature drew the new districts, what criteria would they prioritize? How much did the CRC's district maps adhere to voters’ criteria? Did the new CRC process produce districts that were more competitive? Did it create maps that had distinct partisan advantages?

2. Elections and Party Systems What is a Party System? not all systems the same...why? What is basis of party competition? Why two party systems, why multi-party systems?

3. What are Parties? Organization dedicated to winning elections Primary institution for organizing mass democracy Democracy, representation impossible w/o parties

4. Responsible party model Two parties: One Controls Government One Acts as Opposition Elections a referendum on the Government Requires “discipline,” but provides simplicity, accountability

5. Parties and Responsible Government Parties present clear choices to voters Cohesive platform MPs all vote party line Number of choices limited Government Opposition Accountability

6. Lippset & Rokkan Model Party Systems function of: Coalitions Coalitions of social groups defied by historical cleavages National Revolution (State building) Industrial Revolution Post - material Revolution

7. Lippset and Rokkan: Old Coalitions National Revolution Cleavages: Pre-existing interests vs..... forces of new nation- state Land-based elites vs. liberals/merchants Church vs.... State City vs. Country Center vs..... periphery Dominant culture against distinct regions

8. Lippset and Rokkan: Old Coalitions Industrial Revolution Cleavages: Owners vs. workers Capital vs. Labor / workers Land-based interests vs. Capital

9. Lippset and Rokkan: New Coalitions Post-material / post-industrial revolution (Inglehart) Society moves beyond ‘material’ economic concerns Newer cleavages around ‘cultural’ values ‘process’ oriented concerns

10. Lippset and Rokkan: Coalitions How do these old cleavages define contemporary parties? Religion (CDU in Germany, US Democrats pre‘68?) Region (Scotland SNP, Germany CSU, Canada BQ, ) Class (Torries v. Labour in UK; Socialists in FR, IT, SP)

11. Lippset and Rokkan: Coalitions Dalton: “Most parties and party systems are still oriented primarily toward the traditional political alignments that L & R described” New coalitions: Values based, environment, lifestyle, minority rights, social/moral issues (?)

12. Lippset & Rokkan: Coalitions How much do ‘old’ cleavages matter? Does this model work in US (why? why not?) Class? Land-elite based parties (Conservatives vs..... Liberals) a dead cleavage? Church v. State Cleavage (religious v. secularists)

13. Old Politics v New Politics? In US Old “New Deal” system: Dems = party of working class GOP = party of business Since then: Women’s movement, Civil Right Movement, Environmentalism, sexual-orientation concerns, changes in economy, family structure But: Rising income inequality

14. Party Identification “Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Democrat, Republican, independent, or what?” Where do attachments to party come from? Sociological determinism You have no free will? Funnel of Causality Early life-->PID----------------->vote

15. Old vs. New Politics, US Party ID 1952 19681980199620002008 Low income 64% 65% 60% 63% 62% 63% % Democratic High income 30% 41% 32% 41% 36% 28% % Democratic

16. Old vs. New Politics, US Party ID 1952 19681980199620002008 Unskilled 71% 81% 56% 52% 50% n/a % Democratic Professional 52% 44% 47% 41% 46% n/a % Democratic

17. Old vs. New Politics, US Is there “Class” in the US? Dalton, Chpt. 8 % “working class” = % middle class Class v. income Is there an upper class?

18. Old vs. New Politics, US Why is class voting decreasing? Growth of the “new middle class” “Workers” have income similar to middle class” “Increased social mobility” “Social modernization” “Parties have broadened their appeal to attract middle class voters Socialists appeal to center

19. Old vs. New Politics, US Is class voting decreasing? Change in political conflict Parties less likely to make appeals on class- based issues Or, all parties have abandoned working class, low income voters

20. Old Politics v New Politics: If not ‘class’, then what? Traditionalists vs..... Non-traditionalists? Small public sector vs..... larger public sector (old cleavage?) Materialists vs..... Post materialists? environment over economy vs.... economy over environment

21. Cleavages and Voters National revolutionregion, religion Industrial revolution‘middle’ class vs. working class Postindustrialmaterialist/post mat

22. Party Systems: Number of Parties Types of parties & basis of competition in a nation (Dalton) Number Number of parties Two-party systems (US, UK..sort of) Multi-party systems (FR, IT, Ger...sort of)

23. Why 2, 3, more parties? Number of cleavages Regionalism Institutional design Electoral system rules: Single member constituencies vs..... Multi-member constituencies Runoff procedures

24. Party Systems & Electoral Rules France:Plurality, 2 round w/ runoff 2 large parties, several small Germany:Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) 2 large parties, several small UK:Simple Plurality..... 2.5 (?) parties US:Simple Plurality......2 parties

25. Party Systems and Electoral Rules Rules that affect number of parties: SMSP vs......... PR (but see last slide) Size of national legislature Presidential vs..... parliamentary Federalism (regionalism)...Canada Runoffs, ‘alternate’ vote systems (Australia)

26. Comparing parties How do US parties compare to Europe? Does a two party system = less distinct parties? more distinctive parties? Does a multi-party system = more ideological diversity?

27. Party Identification “Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Democrat, Republican, independent, or what?” Where do attachments to party come from? Sociological determinism You have no free will? Funnel of Causality Early life-->PID----------------->vote