1. Scania Ethanol vehicles

2. External causes Solar activity Earth’s orbit Meteorites Internal causes Anthropogenic Emissions of greenhouse gases Particles/clouds Land change Internal causes Natural Feedback Volcanic eruption Chance Climate change

3. CO 2 emissions still increasing globally …  IPCC: If there is no emission decrease before 2015, global climate will be seriously affected  By 2050, a CO 2 decrease of 80% will be necessary.

4. …who is left to carry the can? Oiluse 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 197019801990 2000 70 % Other sectors Transport sector BAFF

5. Peak oil

6. Trend of Transport energy consumption x 3x

7. 15 Years Target AD. 2008-2022 (B.E. 2551-2565) Ethanol Target 9.0 M.Liter/day Existing 1.0 M.Liter/day Biodiesel Target 4.5 M.Liter/day Existing 1.4 M.Liter/day (ณ เดือน มกราคม 2552) B.E. A.D. 2003 2006 2011 Ethanol policy in Thailand

8. Available feedstock for ethanol production in 2018 Cane juice 8.25 M liters/day Molasses 0.31 M liters/day Cassava 1.16 M liters/day 9.72 Total 9.72 M liters/day Source: Office of the Cane and Sugar Board (2008) and Office of Agricultural Economic (2008) Ethanol production

10. European emission legislation Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Particulate matter (PM) Euro 6 2013 CO 2 = = Fuel consumed

11. Source: Lloyd Wright – Sourcebook sustainable transport

12. Sustainable Transport – Available Biofuels Ethanol from sugar cane < 90% Synthetic diesel from biomass < 80% Biodiesel FAME, RME, etc. < 70% Biogas from waste, sewage < 90% These fuels are available today

13. EthanolFAME/ RME Synthetic diesel BiogasMethanolDMEHydrogen Production capacity +-?-??? Local Emissions +?++?++ CO2/GHG reduction ++?++?- In vehicle +++--?- Handle & store +++--?- Comm. available Yes NoYesNo Fuels - Alternatives

14. DC9 E02 Ethanol bus engine

15. Why?  Insecure long-term oil supply  Global warming – cut CO 2 emissions  Legal requirements  Environmental ambitions Transport system improvements Efficient energy converters Alternative fuels Transport system improvements Efficient energy converters Alternative fuels

16. Scania Ethanol Technology Since 1989: 600 buses supplied mainly to Sweden 1916First ethanol engine 1979First vehicle tests 1985First buses tested in Sweden

17. Scania Ethanol Engine Passenger car Otto engine E10, E20, E85 Scania Bus Diesel engine ED95

18. Ethanol engine efficiency Compression ignition means high efficiency! Engine loadEfficiency 25% 32-36% 50% 37-38% 75%37-40% 100%37-41%

19.  Biggest Renewable Fuel Globally  90 % of all renewable fuel is Ethanol  50 % of research money in renewable fuels related to ethanol  Cars, buses, trucks  E5, E22, E85, ED95, E100  Many possible sources  Sugarcane, beets, wheat, corn, grapes…  Good and bad ethanol (compare with electricity…)  Sugar Cane, Cellulose, Energy Factories  3rd generation  High Environmental Efficiency  70-90 % CO 2 -reduction from Sugarcane  Liquid Fuel  Traditional infrastructure/distribution  Long Experience  Brazil  Buses in regular service in Sweden since 1989  Local energy security & Oil dependency Ethanol fuel

20. Sekab Etamax-D fuel ED95 denomination; not to be confused with E85 (for gasoline engines) It is an alcohol – no lubrication properties Effects –Corrosion of plastics on high temperatures –Same tanks but with different ventilation –It’s a fuel – No drinking or washing

21. Engine comparison DC9 E02DC9 12  Power:270 hp @ 1900rpm270 hp @ 1800rpm  Torque:1200 Nm@1100-1400rpm1250 Nm@1100-1400rpm  Idle:600 rpm500 rpm  Emission level:Euro5, EEVEuro3  Cylinders:5 5  Bore x stroke:127x140 mm 127x140 mm  Compression:28:117:1  Balance shafts:YesYes  Valves per cyl.:4 4  Fuel:ED95Diesel  Injection system:Bosch PDEBosch PDE

22. Engine DC9 E02 Higher compression ratio 28:1 vs. 17:1 –Pistons, cylinder head valves and valve seats –New turbocharger with a waste-gate –Monorail PDE injectors with different injection volume –EMS calibration is for Ethanol fuel characteristics –Stronger starter due to higher compression

23. Different pistons to raise compression ratio Larger fuel injection system Ethanol resistant gaskets and sealings Different engine management programming Modifications on Scania Ethanol Engine

25. Scania’s commitment to sustainability Vehicles, fuels, infrastructure…

26. 20 years experience of Ethanol Buses

27. Ethanol buses in Stockholm Up to 90% less fossil CO 2 with existing technology Stockholm Public Transport’s goals: Buses on Renewable Fuels: 200625 % 201250 % 2025100 %

28. A complete Sustainable City package Public transport Waste handling Distribution Fuel & Infrastructure

29. …THANK YOU… Q&A