1. Yassine Fall Senior Economic Advisor, UNIFEM
Senior Policy Advisor, Millennium Project
ENAP, June / 2005

2. Gender inequality
Gender inequality is about unequal rights for power control between women and men
Within every unit, that of family, community, the weakest and most vulnerable are women and girl children
Gender inequality is lack of access to and control over resources, opinion, protection, shelter, skills, learning and overall development

3. Racial Discrimination
A violation of all forms of human rights principles and internationally agreed legal instruments
Generates lack of opportunity, exclusion lack of access to national resources and assets and inequitable budget allocation
Increased burden of care and least rights for women

4. Poverty Poverty: beyond low income and consume
Includes: exclusion, lack of rights and choices.
Affects women and men differently because of their societal roles, practical and strategic needs.
Exacerbates gender inequality and vice versa,
fosters unbalanced rights and obligations

5. Gender, Race and Poverty
Combined gender and racial discrimination aggravate poverty
Poverty analysis in racially discriminated, class or ethnic divided society cannot be analyzed outside those social factors
Race analysis of poverty is sine qua non conditions for policy needs assessment or planning poverty interventions.

6. Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics studies the behavior of eco agents like households, enterprises and the state and how decisions or changes in their behavior influence each other or the market.
Macroeconomics is not gender or race neutral, each changes influence households and men and women inside households differently.

7. A macro model: Y = C + G + I + (X-M)
Y = National Income, GDP, measument of the value of economic activity
C = Consumption
G = Government Expenditure
I = Private Sector Investment
X = Exports
M = Imports
Ignores social reproduction!!!!

8. Gender and Racial Inequalities Y = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)
W = unaccounted for Care work
WR = Unaccounted for Care work from racially discriminated groups
Y analyzed from point of public policy point of view:
Taxation, social reproductive tax
Expenditure, social substitution

9. Gender and Racial Inequalities Y = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)
What happens to poor women farmers food producers and processors?
when G is reduced with cuts in rural subsidies (farm inputs, farm Implants, extension workers, training, land title with no means to exploit?
What happens to local domestic producers and market?

10. Gender and Racial Inequalities Y = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)
What happens when Government has to
keep public expenditure down or prioritize in budget allocation?
Women and men’s care work?
Funding Gender based violence
Reproductive health
Employment?
Freedom to choose?
Participation Representation

11. Gender and Racial Inequalities Y = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)
What happens when racial equity is not integrated into public policy?
What happens poverty resource allocation is considered “racially blind”, given that it is supposed to cater for all poor?
What happens when institutions that ensure that racial equity and gender equality are not in placed or not empowered?

12. MDG1, MDG3, MDG8 Recommendations of Task Forces on:
Poverty and economic Development
Gender equality and empowerment of women
Global Partnership: AID, TRADE, DEBT

13. CYCLE OF AID, DEBT, TRADE

14. Looking at the big Picture: Circular Flow of Resources…..
Foreign Sector
Wage payment
Exports revenues
Imports payments
Labor supply
Private Sector
Households
Consumer demand
Consumer goods
Credit
Household savings
Credit
Government
Investment savings
Taxes from households
Financial Institutions
expenditures
Taxes from firms
Borrowing
Repaying
provision of
Government
Government
social
services

15. Circular Flow and market led Resource Allocation
Foreign banks
ForeignMark
Exports revenues
Wages
Imports payments
Gender distribution of labor
Private Sector
Households
Consumer demand
Consumer goods
Credit
Credit
Government
Household savings
savings
Taxes from households
Financial Institutions
Investments
Taxes from firms
private sector
Borrowing
Repaying
provision of
Government
Government
in foreign
social
services

16. Trade Liberalization Removal Tariffs and
Loss of corporate and export taxes by Gt.
Removal of subsidies
Privatization of land and utilities with its corollary cost recovery
Commodification of agriculture
Removal of labor laws for worker’s rights and decent work to accomodate EPZ

17. Adam Smith on TRADE in the Wealth of Nations II said:
‘Were those high duties and prohibitions taken away all at once, cheaper foreign goods of the same kind might be poured so fast into the home market as to deprive all at once many thousands of our people of their ordinary employment and means of subsistence. The disorder which this would occasion might no doubt be very considerable.’

18. Fredrich List, in National System of Political Economy
“free trade is the policy of the strong”
Because every industrialized nation has pursued trade protection for its infant industries, Once they grow strong enough to withstand international competition they lower their trade barriers and ask others to do the same.

19. GOAL8: AID, Trade, Debt Revisit unjust trade regime
Debt cancellation is a must
Untied aid is non negotiable
justice in global trade is also critical for increased resources for poverty elimination

20. LT Benefits of FDI and Trade
What happens to other variables when too much emphasis is put on I + (X-M)???in the Y = C + G + I + (X-M) + W
When will it ever trickle down?
To Poverty?
Gender equality?
Development?

21. Scaling up interventions
Addressing Racial and Gender inequality
Human rights
Social investment
Stronger Public Sector
Domestic private sector empowered
Land titles and deeds for landless Poor farmers

22. Scaling up interventions
Only a strong public sector can ensure implementation of Task Force MP recommendations
Responses to absorptive Capacity
Citizens Policing of Poverty Fund through Participation and representation
Public-Community Partnership

23. Scaling up interventions
Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment as unique alternative for successful MDGs Outcomes
Enabling Women to enjoy their human rights and implementing TF3 rec:
Building a representative multi level leadership
Enabling citizens, women to develop accountability systems

24. Gender/Racial Equality Needs Assessment
Assessment of gender and racially related economic and social inequalities, with particular attention to country selected focus sectors
Estimation of resources needed to implement comprehensive gender and racial equality-related interventions across multiple sectors
Advocacy tool to ensure monitoring by beneficiaries that appropriate gender and racial equality-related interventions are included and budgeted for across all other sectors

25. Benchmarks for integrating gender equality in needs assessment
1 Population identification
2 Sector Analysis.
Human Rights
Representation
Participation
Cost
Benefit
3 Interventions and
policy instruments
4 Implementation
5. Monitoring

26. Is there genuine Participation?
Participation refers here to playing a catalytic and innovative role providing substantive content in developing analysis, identifying priority needs and partners, implementing actions, monitoring outcomes and developing advocacy approaches and language.
In all stages of needs assessment It would be critical to articulate the way in which different groups, women and men and other social groups are making a difference in moving the process forward in setting the national and local MDG agenda.

27. Is there genuine Representation?
Are social groups differentiated by gender, race, age , region, social status identified by different stakeholders like Parliamentarian, kilombolas and kilombolos, Government, women and men NGO, human rights groups, people living with disabilities, network of people living with HIV, etc?
Are there skills building activities for those who need to be brought up to speed on MDG?
What kind of information is being provided to them?
Are they proportionally represented at all levels including stakeholder meeting, sector working groups, team of consultant, advocacy and campaigning?
Are their concerns being genuinely included in all priority sectors and in the final report and identified programs?
Do they feel their expectation of representation are being met, why or why not?

28. Cost Human, time and work burden as cost Financial cost Material
How to factor in unpaid work in Household contribution?
Who should pay or not pay?
What kind of tax system is more appropriate to empower women and the poorest?

29. Benefits Gender Equality in budget allocation
Employment benefits and empowerment of women
Identification of hidden gender interventions
Advocacy pushing the MDG envelope

30. Stages of needs assessment
Institutions
(Gov, HH, NGO),
Stakeholder- gender,
Regional division,
social condition,
Age, etc.
What contribution
Does each make
in Provision of
services in focus
sector
Identify Gender
Equality, synergies
and cross linkages
between sectors
Estimate
resource
Needs and costs + + +
Investment Model: who pays? Under what conditions? Household contribution and cost recovery from who?

31. Multiple Dimensions of Analysis
Health
Lands/housing
Water/Sanitation
Environment
Education
Energy
Hunger
Macroecon
Household
Community,
Government,
Intern.
Institutions,
NGOs ♀
Voluntary slums work
Collection, household use
Forest pdcts
Pre- school care and education
energy provision for hh needs
Food production, processing, nutrition
Time and work burden
Provision of
services
Care to HIV sufferers
Family farm
Sanitation maintenance
Collection for food, medicine
Resources: Human, Material and /or Financial
User fee
Funds mobiliz
User fees
Cost recovery
Poor
Mngmt comitee
Gender budget
Taxation
Management
Decision
Committees
Comitte

32. Gender equality in sectors and Gender-specific interventions
Sector-specific
Interventions to
reach women
Awareness
Sensitization and Training
Subsidies
Prevention of violence
Systemic Issues
Gender and racial Equality-related Interventions
Total Gender Racial Equality/ Human Rights -related Needs

33. Investment Model addresses three Sources of Funding
Government Expenditures on the MDGs are provisionally assumed can be increased by 4 percent of GDP from now to 2015
Household contributions from poorest groups should be assessed on the basis of:
Extreme low level of income of the poorest users’ ability to pay
poor women’s time and work burden in provision of social services
the negative incentive effect of user fees in essential services
In kind contribution of users
3. External finance is required to close the financing