1. I can evaluate the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
Unit 2: The Reformation
I can explain how ideas of (humanism) affected people’s perspectives during the Reformation.
I can evaluate the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
I can explain how the development of the printing press influenced the spread of religious ideas and the Reformation.
I can describe the reforms made by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.
I can describe the impact the Inquisition had on the Reformation and Counter- Reformation.

2. READING CHECK: Introduction
What religion was western Europe during the Renaissance?
What was one reason for the weakening of the Catholic Church?
What were some of the problems people had with the Church?
Christian - Catholic
Introduction
Humanism of the Renaissance [spirit of questioning]
Worldliness & Corruption [questionable money raising practices; popes concerned with power & wealthy]

3. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Early 1500s – Late 1600s
Before Reformation, ALL Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
The Reformation caused a split in Christianity  caused a massive shift in the religious framework of Europe!

4. What was the Protestant Reformation?
CHRISTIANITY
PROTESTANT
CATHOLIC

5. KEY IDEAS of the Reformation:
A call to purify the church &
Belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the only source of spiritual authority

6. How did the Roman Catholic Church control daily life in medieval Europe? How did this control effect the population?

7. Causes of the Reformation
I can evaluate the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
The Black Death.
Scientific Advances, which contradicted the Church
The Corruption within the Catholic Church
Humanism – focus on human potential and achievements.
Often SECULAR (nonreligious)
Spirit of questioning
I can explain how ideas of (humanism) affected people’s perspectives during the Reformation

8. Section 2: The Weakening of the Catholic Church
READING CHECK:
Name three factors, besides selling indulgences, that contributed to the weakening of the Catholic Church.
Popes became entangled in political disputes that prompted many to question the popes’ authority.
The Great Schism lessened people’s respect for the papacy.
The Catholic Church sold offices in a practice called simony.
Section 2: The Weakening of the Catholic Church

9. Critical Vocabulary
Indulgence – a grant by the Catholic Church that released a person from punishment for sins.
Simony – the selling and buying of positions in the Catholic Church
Great Schism (Western Schism) split within the Catholic Church ( ), driven by politics, when several men claimed to be the true pope at the same time. This hurt the reputation of the office.

10. Critical Vocabulary
Saints – someone officially recognized as holy by the Catholic Church
Pope – the universal leader of the Catholic Church (Vatican City)

11. READING CHECK: Section 3: Early Calls For Reform
What teachings and actions of John Wycliffe led the pope to accuse him of heresy?
What reforms did Jan Hus call for?
In what way did Catherine of Siena’s approach to faith help prepare people for the Reformation?
Who was Desiderius Erasmus? How did he help to prepare Europe for the Reformation?
READING CHECK:
Wycliffe questioned the pope’s authority and attacked indulgences and immoral behavior by clergy. He said the Bible, not the Church, was the ultimate religious authority. Against Church tradition, he had the Bible translated into English.
Section 3: Early Calls For Reform
Hus wanted to end corruption among the clergy. He also wanted the Bible and the mass to be available in the people’s everyday language, rather than in Latin.
Catherine showed that people could lead spiritual lives that went beyond the usual norms of the Church. She emphasized personal experience of God over Church doctrine.
Erasmus was a humanist priest who wanted to reform the Church. He wrote The Praise of Folly, a satire of society, including abuses within the Church. His criticism of the Church added to people’s desire to question its teachings.

12. Critical Vocabulary
Reformation – a religious reform movement from the early 1500s to the 1600s that led to the formation of new Christian groups
Doctrine – a belief or set of beliefs, especially relating to religion
Protestant - a Christian who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation; today, any member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation.
Denomination - a particular religious group within a larger faith; for example, Lutheranism is one denomination within Christianity.

13. John Wycliffe
Opposed teachings of the organized Church – believed they contradicted the Bible
Main precursor to the Protestant Reformation
First one to write the Bible in English – infuriated the Pope
44 years after Wycliffe died, the Pope had his bones dug up, crushed, and scattered!

14. Jan Hus Follower of Wycliffe – actively promoted his ideas
People should be permitted to read Bible in own language & should oppose the tyranny of the Roman Catholic Church
“The Hussites”
Excommunicated (1411) & burned at the stake (July 6, 1415)
“in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose call for reform cannot be suppressed.”

15. READING CHECK: Section 4: Martin Luther Breaks Away From The Church
Why did Martin Luther write the Ninety- Five Theses and post them on the door of a church in Wittenberg?
Compare and contrast Martin Luther’s beliefs with those of the Catholic Church.
What happened when Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms?
READING CHECK:
Luther was outraged by the sale of indulgences. He posted the Ninety-Five Theses to express his ideas about this practice and other issues.
Section 4: Martin Luther Breaks Away From The Church
NEXT SLIDE
He refused to take back his teachings and was declared a heretic by the Holy Roman emperor. The emperor forbade the printing of his writings.

16. Compare and contrast Martin Luther’s beliefs with those of the Catholic Church.
Salvation came from faith
Bible = ultimate authority
Own Priest; Read Bible for self
Church sacraments had no basis in Bible
Martin Luther
Good works
Pope & Church teachings = ultimate authority
People need Priest to interpret the Bible
Non-biblical sacraments (marriage)
Catholic Church

17. Martin Luther
One of the MOST influential people in Christian history
German monk
Father of Protestantism
Heavily influence Protestant Reformation

18. What is Protestantism?
A major body of Christianity that denies the universal authority of the Pope

19. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
October 31, 1517
Posted “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg
[95 Theses]
PURPOSE: invited local scholars to discuss indulgences
Not intended to be a program of reform, BUT to question the practice of indulgences.
Ended up being the PRIMARY means of the Protestant Reformation

20. Read and Annotate: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

21. Bell Ringer (Answer in your NOTES)
What were some of the causes of the Reformation?
Social
Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church
Printing Press helped to spread ideas of the Church
Political
Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
Economic
European princes and kings were jealous of Church’s wealth
Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
Religious
Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

22. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 3 Main Points:
Selling indulgences to finance the building of St. Peter’s is wrong.
The pope has no power over Purgatory.
Purgatory - a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.
Buying indulgences gives people a false sense of security and endangers their salvation

23. Response to Luther
Explaining the positions of historical figures
In your group...read and summarize the reaction of the historical figure assigned to you. (Page 56 – “The Pope’s Threat” and “The Emperor’s Opposition”)

24. Historical Figure
Opinion
Luther
The pope should not be part of the Church anymore
Pope Leo X
If you don’t change your mind, I will take away your right to membership in the church (excommunicate)
Charles V
Luther, take back what you have said
No, I have to do what I believe is right
You are an outlaw. Nobody in my lands is allowed to help you. All the books you have written will be burned
Prince Frederick
I will protect you, Luther.

25. What is Protestantism?
A major body of Christianity that denies the universal authority of the Pope

26. Result of Luther
Luther returned to Wittenberg (1522) – many putting his ideas into practice.
Decided to form a separate religious group: Lutherans.
Germany – many princes supported Lutheranism
Assert independence from Charles V
Luther supporters signed protest against pope loyalists
Charles V – war against Protestant princes
Defeated Protestant princes (1547), but failed to return them to Catholic Church
PEACE OF AUGSBURG – religious settlement: Charles V met with all German princes in Augsburg. Each prince allowed to decide the religion of his state.

27. Ended Christian unity in much of Europe
Peace Of Augsburg
Importance:
Ended Christian unity in much of Europe

28. READING CHECK: Section 5: Other Leaders of the Reformation
Name three factors that helped spread Luther’s reforms across Europe.
What two Protestant reformers began new churches in Switzerland?
What personal and political reasons led King Henry VIII to split with the Catholic Church?
Who was William Tyndale? For what important contribution is he most remembered?
READING CHECK:
1. People were tired of abuses and ready for change.
2. The printing press helped spread Luther’s ideas.
3. Government leaders learned they could win independence from the Catholic Church.
Section 5: Other Leaders of the Reformation
Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin began new churches in Switzerland.
Henry VIII split from the Church so that he could divorce and remarry, and so that he no longer had to share power and wealth with the Church.
Tyndale was a priest and scholar who translated books of the Bible into English. He adopted Protestant views and was burned at the stake. His translations were used as a basis for the King James Bible.

29. Critical Vocabulary
Predestination –belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved
Theocracy – a government controlled by religious leaders

30. England Becomes Protestant4/

31. England Becomes Protestant
King Henry VIII (Tudor) of England – was devout Catholic in 1509 when he became king
Wrote attack on Luther’s ideas (1521)
Pope gave him title of “Defender of the Faith”
Due to political needs, Henry VIII’s faith was tested.
Needed male heir (someone who will be the next king), worried of another civil war if he died
Wife, Catherine of Aragon, had only given him a girl, Mary
Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon for a younger wife

32. Tracing Religious Changes in England (Page 58-59)
King/Queen
Religion
Reasons for Religious Beliefs
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth

33. Huldrych Zwingli 1484 – 1531 Catholic Priest
Started religious reform in Switzerland
Influenced by humanism of Desiderius Erasmus & the reforms of Luther
1520: Openly attacked the Catholic Church
Call to more personal faith, people should have more control over the church
1531: war between Swiss Protestants and Catholics
Zwingli died
Huldrych Zwingli

35. JOHN CALVIN Law student from France
1536: wrote “Institutes of the Catholic Religion”
Ideas about God, salvation and human nature
Summary of Protestant religious beliefs:
Men and women are sinful by nature
God chooses a very few people to save & is known from the beginning (Predestination)
Calvinism – the religion based on Calvin’s teachings
JOHN CALVIN

36. Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
Believed that the ideal government was a theocracy
1541: Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city. Very strict.
Religion classes
No bright clothing or playing cards
Preaching different doctrines = burned at the stake
“Model city” of highly moral citizens

37. Calvinism Spreads John Knox – Scottish preacher, visited Geneva
Put Calvin’s ideas to work in Scotland (1559)
Each church was led by group called “elders” or “presbyters”
Followers became known as Presbyterians
1560s: Calvinism made Scotland’s official religion
Huguenots – Calvin’s followers in France
Many conflicts in France between Huguenots and Catholics
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Paris, August 24, 1572): most violent clash, Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew. Catholic mobs began hunting down Protestants and murdering them. Went on for 6 months and historians believe around 12,000 Huguenots were killed.
Many Protestant churches today trade their roots to Calvin

38. Interpreting the Map Page 63
Which European countries became mostly Protestant and which remained mostly Roman Catholic?
Judging from the way the religions were distributed, where would you expect religious conflicts to take place? EXPLAIN.
Mostly Protestant  England, Scotland, Denmark-Norway, Sweden
Mostly Roman Catholic  Ireland, Spain, France, Italy
German states, Swiss confederation  mixture of faiths