1. 12.2The human Kidney Mrs. Jackie

2. Intro Human possess two kidneys Human possess two kidneys Situated at the back of the abdominal cavity Situated at the back of the abdominal cavity Each kidney is connected to a tube called the ureter which empties into the urinary bladder Each kidney is connected to a tube called the ureter which empties into the urinary bladder Each kidney is supply by a renal artery which supplies urea and oxygen Each kidney is supply by a renal artery which supplies urea and oxygen Each is also supply with a renal vein that leaves the kidney with the correct levels of urea, salts and water. Each is also supply with a renal vein that leaves the kidney with the correct levels of urea, salts and water.

3. Draw the structure of the kidney Include the cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter and renal blood vessels. Include the cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter and renal blood vessels.

4. Intro continues Pelvis Pelvis Opens into the ureter which is thin tube that takes urine to the bladder Opens into the ureter which is thin tube that takes urine to the bladder Medulla Medulla Contains parallel tubes that belong to the loops of Henle and the collecting ducts Contains parallel tubes that belong to the loops of Henle and the collecting ducts Cortex Cortex Outer part of the kidney contains the Bowman capsules, convoluted tubules and glomeruli Outer part of the kidney contains the Bowman capsules, convoluted tubules and glomeruli Renal vein Renal vein Rich in CO2 Rich in CO2 Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Opens into the urethra which empties the urine to the outside of the body Opens into the urethra which empties the urine to the outside of the body Sphincter muscles Sphincter muscles Guard the emptying of urine Guard the emptying of urine

5. Nephron It is the functional unit of the kidney It is the functional unit of the kidney There are about one million in each kindney There are about one million in each kindney Are microscopic Are microscopic

6. Draw the structure of a glomerulus and associated nephron Bowman’s capsule

7. Nephron Made of the Bowman’s capsule Made of the Bowman’s capsule Connected to folded tubes called convoluted tubules. Connected to folded tubes called convoluted tubules. Proximal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Connects with the collecting duct which pours urine into the pelvis. Connects with the collecting duct which pours urine into the pelvis.

8. Explain the process of ultrafiltration including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane Renal artery Renal artery branches inside the kidney branches inside the kidney A branch enters the bowman’s capsule called the afferent renal arteriole A branch enters the bowman’s capsule called the afferent renal arteriole The arteriole branches into capillaries called glomerulus inside each capsule. The arteriole branches into capillaries called glomerulus inside each capsule. Capillaries merge again into a blood vessels that leaves the capsule called the efferent renal arteriole. Capillaries merge again into a blood vessels that leaves the capsule called the efferent renal arteriole.

9. Explain the process of ultrafiltration including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane In the glomerulus In the glomerulus Blood pressure is high Blood pressure is high Capillaries are between two arteries and not between artery and vein Capillaries are between two arteries and not between artery and vein The HBP of capillaries cause fluid to squeeze out. The HBP of capillaries cause fluid to squeeze out. Only substances that have sizes that enable them to pass through fenestrations (pores) in the capillary wall can squeeze out. Only substances that have sizes that enable them to pass through fenestrations (pores) in the capillary wall can squeeze out. This process is called ultra filtration because is highly selective according to the size of the molecules. This process is called ultra filtration because is highly selective according to the size of the molecules.

10. Explain the process of ultrafiltration including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane The filtrate contains The filtrate contains Urea Urea Water Water Salts Salts glucose glucose Proteins Proteins Do not filter out Do not filter out Plasma proteins such as albumin, globulin and fibrinogen stay inside capillaries. Plasma proteins such as albumin, globulin and fibrinogen stay inside capillaries.

11. Ultrafiltration

12. Define osmoregulation Control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism Control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism

13. Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water, and salts in the proximal convoluted tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport. Reabsorption depends on the Reabsorption depends on the Concentration of the substance Concentration of the substance Structure of the substance Structure of the substance Properties of the endothelial cells that line the cavity of these tubules. Properties of the endothelial cells that line the cavity of these tubules.

14. Re absorption in different parts of the tubules Nephron section Substance Proximal tubule NaCl by active transport Water by osmosis Glucose by active transport Descending part of loop of Henle Water by osmosis Ascending part of loop of Henle Lower section Salts by diffusion Upper section salts by active transport Distal tubule Water by osmosis Collecting duct Depends on hormones ADH water levels ADH water levels Aldoesterone water levels Aldoesterone water levels

15. Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water, and salts in the proximal convoluted tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport. Cell in the walls of the proximal convoluted tubules Cell in the walls of the proximal convoluted tubules have microvilli facing the filtrate have microvilli facing the filtrate Increase surface area and form pinocytic vesicles that takes droplets of solutions from the tubule Increase surface area and form pinocytic vesicles that takes droplets of solutions from the tubule Highly concentrated in mitochondria for ATP production for active transport. Highly concentrated in mitochondria for ATP production for active transport.

16. Compare the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein, and compare the composition of the glomerular filtrate and urine Substance Renal artery Renal vein OxygenHigherLower Carbon dioxide LowerHigher GlucoseHigherlower Urea, salts water Higherlower Ammonia, alcohol and other toxins. Hormones Higherlower

17. Outline the structure and action of kidney dialysis machines Works on the basis of osmosis and diffusion Works on the basis of osmosis and diffusion Made of multiple layers of thin tubes made of a material that allows diffusion Made of multiple layers of thin tubes made of a material that allows diffusion Blood is drawn from the patient’s blood vessel into the machine back to the patient’s blood vessel. Blood is drawn from the patient’s blood vessel into the machine back to the patient’s blood vessel. Patient’s blood contains high concentrations of salts and urea that have to be removed. Patient’s blood contains high concentrations of salts and urea that have to be removed.

18. Kidney dialysis machine

19. Outline the structure and action of kidney dialysis machines The blood passes into the dialysis tubes of the machine and as it does that, movement of ions according to a concentration gradient takes place The blood passes into the dialysis tubes of the machine and as it does that, movement of ions according to a concentration gradient takes place Dialysis fluid has no urea and it has a certain controlled low concentration of salts. Dialysis fluid has no urea and it has a certain controlled low concentration of salts. Concentration of glucose is the same in both Concentration of glucose is the same in both Urea moves from high to low concentration by diffusion Urea moves from high to low concentration by diffusion Some salts move as well Some salts move as well A patient with kidney failure must be connected to the dialysis machine in hospitals two days a week for about 12 hour each time. A patient with kidney failure must be connected to the dialysis machine in hospitals two days a week for about 12 hour each time.