2. AP Biology 2006-2007 DNA The Genetic Material

3. AP Biology Scientific History  The march to understanding that DNA is the genetic material  T.H. Morgan (1908)  Frederick Griffith (1928)  Avery, McCarty & MacLeod (1944)  Erwin Chargaff (1947)  Hershey & Chase (1952)  Watson & Crick (1953)  Meselson & Stahl (1958)

4. AP Biology Chromosomes related to phenotype  T.H. Morgan  working with Drosophila  ________________________  associated ______________ with specific chromosome  white-eyed male had specific X chromosome 1908 | 1933

5. AP Biology Genes are on chromosomes  Morgan’s conclusions  ________________________ ________________________  but is it the protein or the DNA of the chromosomes that are the genes?  initially proteins were thought to be genetic material… Why? 1908 | 1933 What ’ s so impressive about proteins?!

6. AP Biology The “Transforming Principle” 1928  Frederick Griffith  Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria  was working to find cure for pneumonia  ______________________bacteria (“rough”) mixed with ____________ ______________ bacteria (“smooth”) causes fatal disease in mice  a substance passed from dead bacteria to live bacteria to change their phenotype  “___________________________”

7. AP Biology The “Transforming Principle” ________________________ = change in phenotype something in heat-killed bacteria could still transmit disease-causing properties live pathogenic strain of bacteria live non-pathogenic strain of bacteria mice diemice live heat-killed pathogenic bacteria mix heat-killed pathogenic & non-pathogenic bacteria mice livemice die A.B. C. D.

8. AP Biology DNA is the “Transforming Principle”  Avery, McCarty & MacLeod  purified both DNA & proteins separately from Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria  which will transform non-pathogenic bacteria?  injected ____________into bacteria  no effect  injected ______________into bacteria  transformed harmless bacteria into virulent bacteria 1944 What ’ s the conclusion? mice die

9. AP Biology Oswald AveryMaclyn McCartyColin MacLeod Avery, McCarty & MacLeod  Conclusion  ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 1944 | ??!!

10. AP Biology Confirmation of DNA  Hershey & Chase  classic “blender” experiment  worked with _______________  viruses that infect bacteria  grew phage viruses in 2 media, radioactively labeled with either  _______ in their proteins  _______ in their DNA  infected bacteria with labeled phages 1952 | 1969 Hershey Why use S ulfur vs. P hosphorus?

11. AP Biology Protein coat labeled with 35 S DNA labeled with 32 P bacteriophages infect bacterial cells T2 bacteriophages are labeled with radioactive isotopes S vs. P bacterial cells are agitated to remove viral protein coats 35 S radioactivity found in the medium 32 P radioactivity found in the bacterial cells Which radioactive marker is found inside the cell? Which molecule carries viral genetic info? Hershey & Chase

12. AP Biology

13. Blender experiment  Radioactive phage & bacteria in blender  ____________________________  radioactive proteins stayed in supernatant  therefore viral protein ________enter bacteria  ____________________________  radioactive DNA stayed in pellet  therefore viral DNA __________enter bacteria  ___________________________________ Taaa-Daaa!

14. AP Biology Hershey & Chase Alfred HersheyMartha Chase 1952 | 1969 Hershey

15. AP Biology Chargaff  DNA composition: “________________”  varies from species to species  all 4 bases not in equal quantity  bases present in characteristic ratio  humans: A = 30.9% T = 29.4% G = 19.9% C = 19.8% 1947 That ’ s interesting! What do you notice? Rules A = T C = G

16. AP Biology Structure of DNA  Watson & Crick  ___________________________________  other leading scientists working on question:  Rosalind Franklin  Maurice Wilkins  Linus Pauling 1953 | 1962 Franklin WilkinsPauling

17. AP Biology Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature CrickWatson

18. AP Biology Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

19. AP Biology But how is DNA copied?  Replication of DNA  base pairing suggests that it will allow each side to serve as a _____________________ for a new strand “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.”— Watson & Crick

20. AP Biology Models of DNA Replication  Alternative models  become experimental predictions conservativesemiconservative Can you design a nifty experiment to verify? dispersive 1 2 P

21. AP Biology Predictions 1st round of replication conservative 15 N/ 15 N 14 N/ 14 N semi- conservative 15 N/ 14 N dispersive 15 N/ 14 N conservative 15 N/ 15 N 14 N/ 14 N semi- conservative 15 N/ 14 N dispersive 15 N/ 14 N 2nd round of replication 14 N/ 14 N 15 N parent strands 15 N/ 15 N    1 2 P

22. AP Biology Semiconservative replication  Meselson & Stahl  label “parent” nucleotides in DNA strands with ________________________ = 15 N  label new nucleotides with _________________ = 14 N “The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology” 1958 parentreplication Make predictions … 15 N parent strands 15 N/ 15 N

23. AP Biology Franklin Stahl Matthew Meselson Franklin Stahl Meselson & Stahl

24. AP Biology Scientific History  March to understanding that DNA is the genetic material  T.H. Morgan (1908)  ____________________________________________________  Frederick Griffith (1928)  _____________________________________________________  Avery, McCarty & MacLeod (1944)  _____________________________________________________  Erwin Chargaff (1947)  ______________________________________________________  Hershey & Chase (1952)  ______________________________________________________  Watson & Crick (1953)  ______________________________________________________  Meselson & Stahl (1958)  ______________________________________________________