1. Exterior Walls (Wood)

2. Framing Techniques in Light Frame Construction
General Terms & Methodology
Platform Framing
Balloon Framing
Post & Beam

3. Forces on Exterior Wall Construction
Wall had their own dead load
Walls support vertical loads (LL + DL) from
roof
ceiling
floors
Must also resist lateral forces due to
Wind
Earthquake (seismic)

4. Wind--Horizontal/Lateral Load
Palm tree pierced by plywood missile, Hurricane Andrew
Wind causes both horizontal & vertical movement with vertical forces called uplift
Use of wind speed map to determine wind speed (70 to 110 miles per hour)

5. Wind Forces Horizontal forces are treated like seismic
Sucking
force
Lifting
Horizontal forces are treated like seismic
Vertical forces are called uplift
Wind blowing across the structure creates a negative pressure (sucking force)
Wind blowing thru an opening increases inside pressure (lifting force)

6. Earthquakes
Shock waves cause lateral and vertical motion in a building
Usual design, for vertical forces, will take care of the vertical seismic forces
Major factors effecting seismic forces:
The type of structure (material its made of)
Nature of soil under the building
Building are not designed to be earthquake-proof, but to be earthquake resistant

7. Exposed Earthquake Module
Connections called “ductile” are designed to give the building the ability to move, bend or stretch without snap and breaking apart during earthquakes

8. Typical Wall Construction
One and two story framing
2” x 16” O.C.
Occasionally 2” x 24” O.C.
Three story framing(load bearing walls)
lower floor = 2” x 16” O.C.
other floors = 2” x 16” O.C.

9. Window Framing Terms Header Header Jack Cripple Studs Double Plate
Rough Sill
Trimmer
Window Framing Terms
Header
supports structure above windows
Header Jack
supports header
Cripple Studs
Double Plate
Rough Sill
Trimmer
additional stud to trim out window

10. Platform Framing Also called Western Framing Subfloor is Platform
Rafter or Truss
Subfloor is
Platform
Also called
Western
Framing
Blocking
Double
Plate
Sway Bracing
(cornerbracing)
Girder
Ledger
Floor Joist
Sill (Mud Sill)
Foundation
Sheathing

11. Balloon Framing Studs extend from sill to roof line (full length)
Also called
Eastern Framing
Terms similar to Platform Framing

12. Balloon Framing Used primarily for 2 story construction
Less chance of shrinkage or movement
recommended for masonry veneer & stucco
2nd floor supported by wall with
let-in 1x4 called a ribbon
Less overall material
Longer members usually more costly
Firestop blocking required

13. Balloon Framing Terms
Ribbon
Firestop

14. Framing Construction at Corners
3 full studs
good with super insulated buildings
3 full studs and blocking
3 full studs and 1/2” shim

15. Post & Beam Relatively new and less common in residential construction
T&G planks
2x6 or 2x8
Relatively new
and less
common in residential
construction
Used in heavy
timber const
for years
post
Beam and Post
typically 4’-8’ OC

16. Tongue & Groove Planking
Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.

17. Shear Wall Design
Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind
Connections:
1 sheathing to joist
2 joist to top wall
3 edge nailing
4 tie-down straps
5 anchor/shear bolts

18. Detailing areas of Shear Walls
Diaphragm transfer
Detailing areas of Shear Walls

19. Exterior Finishes Siding Stucco
Wood Siding
Metal Siding
Steel
Aluminum
Vinyl Siding
Stucco
Exterior Finish System--a nylon mesh & plaster over insulation board

20. Wood Siding Various sizes and Shapes Solid wood T1-11 (plywood)
4’x8’ sheets
Masonnite Lap board
8-12” x 16’

21. Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost Lower in Maintenance Long lasting
no painting
Long lasting
Concerns when using this siding
expansion
denting
cracking
rusting

22. Cement Stucco } 7/8” sheathing vs. open frame Least expensive
building paper
wire fabric lath
furring nails
drip screed
3 coats of plaster
finish
} 7/8”
brown
scratch

23. Interior Finishes
Plaster & Lath
Wood Paneling
Dry wall

24. Plaster & Lath Old technique - not in common use today
3/8” - 1/2” thick lath
1/2” coat plaster
uses a ground board at edges

25. Wood Paneling 4’ x 8’ sheet panels vertical/horizontal/angle pieces
solid boards
wide range of wood types and colors

26. Drywall
Commonly called sheet rock, gypsum board (GB), or plaster board
typically 1/2” on wall, 5/8” on ceiling
Nail directly to studs, nails commonly ” OC
Tape - 3 coats/ texture
Green/blue board or cement board for bathrooms

27. Assignment Sheet A-4 Dimension the enlarged entry plan
Add restrooms to match A-1 & A-2
Reference door and window (A-1 & A-2)
Hatch or poche’ as needed
Using elevation 1/A-4 create elevations for A/A-4 and B/A-4

28. Drawing Assignment Wall Section
5/8”dia x 32”
8” Min from backfill to top FDN
4” concrete slab w/ 6x6 10/10 wwf or wwm (wire welded fabric or mess)
Blocking
6-8”compact fill 95% density
foundation wall 8” with normal footing size (w x 2w) 30” frost depth
Foundation insulation

29. Drawing Assignment Wall Section Cont.
2”x4” wood studs
Treated wood plate
Found. (2) #5 bars top and bottom and (1) 18” o.c. vertical
12”x18” cont. conc. footing w/ (2) #4 bars x cont.
#4 18” o.c. (50% 2’-6” & 50% 1’-6”)
T&G plywood subfloor (second level)

30. Wall Section Drawing Cont.
Slope 3:12
5/8” GB inside wall
Beam 8’-0”
Roof beam 3x10
3/4” CDX plywood sheathing
3/4” T1-11 siding (brick, stucco, etc.)
Overhang 18”
2x2 starter board 1-1/2” from edge