1. APL AUTOMOBIL – PRÜFTECHNIK LANDAU GMBH Industriegebiet Ost Am Hölzel 11 D-76829 Landau Germany  +49.6341.991.0 www.apl-landau.de Rapid Oil Consumption Measurement A new instrument for optimisation of lube oil formulation and reduction of oil related emissions 3rd International Conference LUBRICANTS RUSSIA - 2007 -

2. Oil Consumption – Oil Emission lubeoil in exhaust gas oil emission lubrication piston- piston ring-cylinder evaporation flinging off reverse bBlow-by scraping unburnt HCs from lubeoil oil sump volume = lubeoil + fuel + water +... fresh oil valve lubrication lubrication TC Blow-by crack products & PM leakages deposits in engine oil consumption fuel combustion deposits, water oil sump balance

3. Mechanism Evaporation Temperatures 0 - 720° Crank Angle evaporation oilfilm liner water piston top ring 2nd ring Log (T) oilfilm cylinder liner cooling wateroil evaporation combustion chamber above piston

4. Oil Consumption Measurement Methods SO 2 Chlor Pyren Tritium Brom not radioactive radioactive with tracer level measurement drain / weigh method volumetricgravimetric conventional selective ion calculation in mass spectra groups of HC- molecules, unchanged fuels + lubes without tracer

5. Composition of Fuels & Lubes distance overlap Hydrocarbons carbon hydrogen

6. CO 2 Ar O2O2 N2N2 H2OH2O ambient air substances benzene toluene xylene ring-shaped hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons Gasoline < 160 m/zOil emission measuring range > 170 m/zDiesel fuel < 290 m/z Oemr > 300 m/z Measuring Method Mass Segments for Oil Emission

7. vacuum pump sampling in exhaust system mass spectrometer pre vacuum high vacuum Rapid Oil Emission Measurement Principle Frequency < 250 Hz ion source hexapol quadrupoles detector

8. Stationary Comparison of Oils Oil related oil consumption differences 4-cyl 2 litres gasoline engine measurement flushing measurement flushing measurement flushing

9. Comparison of Oils over Time running inconstant low level running inincreasing level delta fresh delta eot combination of online methods: rapid oil emission radio nuclid wear + simulation + calculation

10. 300 h Comparison of Oil Emission Maps 20 h OIL AOIL B

11. Comparison of Oil Emission Maps vs Time

12. Influence of Motoring / Intake Vacuum Dynamic Behaviour 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 200300400500600700 time [s] oil emission [g/h] modified by motoring motored: throttle closed fired: 20Nm load

13. Dynamic Comparison of Oils Test Cycle 4-cyl 2 litres gasoline engine

14. Dynamic Comparison of Oils C, D & E Test Results Peak oil consumption up to 500 g/h 4-cyl 2 litres gasoline engine WOT oil consumptions D < E < C peak oil consumptions D < C < E

15. Summary & Conclusions 1.A new rapid oil consumption measurement technique allows measurements up to 250 Hz 2.This enables the "fine tuning" of lube oils like no other method 3.For some OEMs the traditional oil quality specifications, together with their on top in- house requirements are no longer sufficient 4.Oil quality and formulation modifications can quickly be compared without influence of changes in the engine 5.In combination with online wear measurement this is the quickest development tool for the moment 6.Simulation techniques and calculations can additionally support the lube oil development