8. Use the verb tener to show relationship, possession, or age, or in other expressions such as tener hambre/sueño/sed/razón. The verb tener

9. PLACEHOLDER

10. Use tener que + infinitive to say that something has to be done. Tenemos que escribir mucho en la clase de inglés. The verb tener

12. ¡Hola! Me llamo Miguel. En mi escuela siempre estamos muy ocupados. Vamos a ver lo que hacemos en las clases.

15. La profesora de español de la Escuela Benito Juárez prepara un cartel con las reglas de la escuela.

16. ¿Cuáles son las reglas?

17. Hay que… & Se prohíbe… The Impersonal Imperatives

18. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition;

19. that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited.

20. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition; that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited. Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of several ways:

21. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition; that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited. Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of several ways: Let’s look at the ways Spanish can demand or prohibit action.

22. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with… Simple infinitive

23. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with… Simple infinitive Commands Commands

24. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with… Simple infinitive Commands Commands Personal obligation Personal obligation

25. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with… Simple infinitive Commands Commands Personal obligation Personal obligation Impersonal obligation Impersonal obligation

26. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive

27. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive (-ar, -er or -ir ending)

28. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.

29. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive Written signs often convey an imperative in this way. The infinitive is NOT conjugated.

30. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive Written signs often convey an imperative in this way. The infinitive is NOT conjugated. EJEMPLOS

31. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive Written signs often convey an imperative in this way. The infinitive is NOT conjugated. EJEMPLOS SeguirFollow ¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico!Follow all traffic signals!

32. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Simple infinitive Written signs often convey an imperative in this way. The infinitive is NOT conjugated. EJEMPLOS SeguirFollow ¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico!Follow all traffic signals! No fumarDo not smoke No fumar en tren. Do not smoke on the train.

33. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands

34. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

35. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action.

36. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command.

37. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command. EJEMPLOS

38. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

39. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

40. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly. * To form regular affirmative tú commands…

41. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly. * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense.

42. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly. * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = come

43. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly. * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = comemirar = mira

44. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. EJEMPLOS escribewrite Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita.Carlos, write a letter to grandma. hablaspeak Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly. * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = comemirar = mirallegar = llega

45. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Personal obligation

46. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb.

47. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb. EJEMPLOS

48. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb. EJEMPLOS DeboI should Debo escribir más legiblemente. I should write more legibly.

49. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb. EJEMPLOS DeboI should Debo escribir más legiblemente. I should write more legibly. Tienes queYou have to Tienes que asistir a escuela. You have to attend school.

50. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation

51. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person.

52. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply.

53. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. EJEMPLOS

54. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. EJEMPLOS Hay que Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.

55. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. EJEMPLOS Hay que Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza. One must One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.

56. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. EJEMPLOS Hay que Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza. One must One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins. Se prohíbe Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase.

57. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. EJEMPLOS Hay que Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza. One must One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins. Se prohíbe Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase. It is forbidden It is forbidden to go to (one’s) locker during class.

58. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive !

59. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive !

60. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive ! Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.

61. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive ! Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.

62. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive ! Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español. hay que Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations.

63. Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. both * In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows the expression is an infinitive ! Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español. hay que Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations. se prohíbe Use se prohíbe + infinitive for impersonal prohibitions.

65. La clase de Esteban ¿Qué pasa con Esteban el primer día de clases? Lee la historia.

66. El primer día de clases Esteban: Bienvenidos a la clase de historia. Algunos de Uds. me conocen como Esteban. Pero hoy soy el profesor. Pedro: Esteban piensa que es el profesor. ¡Qué divertido! 1

67. Esteban: Señoritas, ¿saben qué hora es? Angélica: Hola, Esteban. Son las nueve y seis. Esteban: Y la clase empieza a las nueve y cinco. ¿Por qué llegan tarde Uds.? Lisa: Pero, ¿por qué estás tú delante de la clase? ¿Dónde está la profesora? 2 El primer día de clases

68. Esteban: Yo soy el profesor. ¡Y hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza! 3 El primer día de clases

69. Lisa: Profesor... necesito ir al armario. No tengo el libro. 4 El primer día de clases

70. Esteban: ¡No! ¡Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase! Nadie tiene el libro. Es el primer día de clases. 5 El primer día de clases

71. Esteban: Mamá, ¿por qué estás aquí en la clase? Mamá: No tengo idea. ¿Y qué vas a enseñar hoy? 6 El primer día de clases

72. Mamá: ¿Por qué no empiezas? Esteban: Es la clase de historia. Pienso dar un discurso sobre algunos de los presidentes de los Estados Unidos... El primer presidente fue George Washington... 7 El primer día de clases

73. Mamá: Esteban. Esteban. ¡Ya es tarde! Esteban: ¿Qué pasa? ¿Dónde estoy? ¡Ay! El primer día de clases... 8 El primer día de clases

74. The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er, or -ir. Stem-changing verbs

75. The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er, or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar is empez-. Stem-changing verbs

76. The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er, or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar is empez-. Stem-changing verbs have a spelling change in their stem in all forms of the present tense except the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms. Stem-changing verbs

77. The syllable of the stem that undergoes these changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the STEM! Stem-changing verbs

78. The syllable of the stem that undergoes these changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the STEM! e e So, for the infinitive preferir the stem change occurs in the last e. Stem-changing verbs

79. ▪There are three kinds of stem-changing verbs that you have learned. To review them, here are the present-tense forms of: poder (o → ue) empezar (e → ie) pedir (e → i). —Si no puedes contestar una pregunta, ¿qué haces? –Generalmente le pido ayuda a otro estudiante o al profesor. Stem-changing verbs

80. NEVER stem-change the nosotros (-as) form!

81. Stem-changing verbs

83. The letters b, v, and d The letters b and v are both pronounced the same. When the b or v is the first letter of a word or follows an m or n, it is pronounced like the English letter b. Listen to and say these words: bien vecinos también invierno

84. The letters b, v, and d In all other positions, the letters b and v have a softer “b” sound. To produce it, put your lips close together (but not touching) and push the air through them. Listen to and say these words and sentences: gustaba jóvenes árbol devolver Benito Vásquez era un hombre que viajaba en Brasil. Mi novio vivía en el Caribe pero ahora vive en Buenos Aires.

85. The letters b, v, and d Like the b and v, the Spanish d can have a hard or a soft sound. The d is hard at the beginning of a word or after n or l, like the d in the English word dough. Listen to and say these words: donde desfile falda cuando aprender

86. The letters b, v, and d Otherwise the d is soft like the English th in the English word though. Listen to the soft d in these words and repeat them: ciudad moderno cuñado boda ayudar

87. The letters b, v, and d Repeat the following refranes. What do you think they mean?

88. Affirmative and negative words

89. Or you may substitute the negative word in place of no in front of the verb. ― Nunca estudiamos el sábado por la noche. You may NOT use a negative word in a phrase that is affirmative or vice versa! ―Mi hermana nunca dice algo a alguien. but ― Mi hermana nunca dice nada a nadie.

90. By now you know many affirmative and negative words. Affirmative and negative words

91. Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number ( sing. or pl.) and gender ( masc. or fem. ) of the noun that follows. Affirmative and negative words

92. Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number ( sing. or pl.) and gender ( masc. or fem. ) of the noun that follows. —¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras en algunas clases? Affirmative and negative words

93. Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number ( sing. or pl.) and gender ( masc. or fem. ) of the noun that follows. —¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras en algunas clases? —No, no vamos al laboratorio en ninguna clase. Affirmative and negative words

94. When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they change to algún and ningún. Affirmative and negative words

95. When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they change to algún and ningún. —¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés? Affirmative and negative words

96. When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they change to algún and ningún. —¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés? —No, no voy a dar ningún discurso. Affirmative and negative words

97. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. Affirmative and negative words

98. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. Siempre pido ayuda cuando no entiendo la lección. Affirmative and negative words

99. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. Pido ayuda siempre cuando no entiendo la lección. Affirmative and negative words

100. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela. Affirmative and negative words

101. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela. Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela. Affirmative and negative words

102. Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb. No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela. Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela. No traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela nunca. Affirmative and negative words

103. aprender de to memorize memoria contestar to answer dar un discurso to give a speech discutir to discuss explicar to explain hacer una to ask a question pregunta to talk about what you do in class

104. el informereport el laboratoriolaboratory la palabraword pedir ayudato ask for help el proyectoproject sacar una buenato get a good grade nota to talk about what you do in class

105. a tiempoon time entregarto turn in llegar tardeto arrive late prestar atenciónto pay attention la reglarule respetarto respect se prohíbe...it’s forbidden... to talk about classroom rules

106. el armariolocker el asientoseat el carnet deI.D. card identidad la cinta adhesivatransparent tape la grapadorastapler los materialessupplies, materials las tijerasscissors to name school objects

107. alguiensomeone, anyone algún, alguna,some, any algunos, -as nadieno one, nobody ningún, ninguno, -ano, none, not any negative and affirmative words

108. conocerto know lo quewhat sobreon, about other useful words

109. almorzar (o ue) to have lunch almuerzo almorzamos almuerzas almorzáis almuerza almuerzan

110. empezar (e ie) to start, to begin empiezo empezamos empiezas empezáis empieza empiezan

111. entender (e ie) to understand entiendo entendemos entiendes entendéis entiende entienden

112. repetir (e i) to repeat repito repetimos repites repetís repite repiten