1. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-1 Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices n Introduction  Combinational Circuit l The output levels at any instant of time are dependent on the levels present at the inputs at that time »Any prior input-level conditions have no effect on the present outputs because combinational logic circuits have no memory  Most Digital Systems = Combinational circuits + Memory elements l General digital system that combines combinational logic gates with memory device : Fig. 5-1 »The external outputs are a function of both its external inputs and the information stored in its memory elements  The most important memory element = Flip-Flop l F/F is made up of an assembly of logic gates »Even though a logic gate, by itself, has no storage capability, several can be connected together in ways that permit information to be stored  Output State of F/F : Fig. 5-2 l Normal output (Q) : 0 or 1 1 = HIGH = Set l Inverted output(Q) : 1 or 0 0 = LOW = Clear = RESET  F/F = Latch = Bistable multivibrator

2. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-2 n 5-1 NAND Gate Latch  NAND gate latch(or Latch) l Constructed from two NAND gates : Fig. 5-3  Setting the Latch l Both cases Q ends up HIGH : Fig. 5-4  Clearing the Latch l Both cases Q ends up LOW : Fig. 5-5  Simultaneous Setting and Clearing l Set = Clear = 0 »Q = = 1 : Undesired condition l Set = Clear = 1 »No change  Summary l Truth table : Fig. 5-6(b) 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Fig. 5-3 2 possible resting state when SET=RESET=1 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Q 11 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Fig. 5-4 Pulsing SET input to 0 Fig. 5-5 Pulsing CLEAR input to 0 Fig. 5-3 참고

3. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-3  Alternate Representations : Fig. 5-7  Ex. 5-1) Determine Q output in Fig. 5-8  Ex. 5-2) Switch debouncing circuit in Fig. 5-9 n 5-2 NOR gate Latch  Ex. 5-3) Determine Q output in Fig. 5-11  Ex. 5-4) what happen if the light beam is momentarily interrupted in Fig. 5-12 l Q will remain HIGH and the alarm will remain ON even if phototransistor return to ON( Set=0, Clear=0 : no change)  F/F State on Power-Up l When power is on, not possible to predict the starting state of a F/F’s output l Output depend on factors such as internal propagation delays, parasitic capacitance, and external loading Fig. 5-7 Alternate Representation 0 0 0 1 Resting Input = 0 * Invalid Q = = 0 Q Fig. 5-10 (a) NOR gate latch, (b) truth table, (c) simplified block symbol * Inactive Stage(Resting ) NAND latch : S=C=1 NOR latch : S=C=0

4. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-4 n 5-3 Troubleshooting Case Study  Ex. 5-5) Describe & analyze the circuit in Fig. 5-13  Ex. 5-4) what are the possible faults(refer to Tab. 5-1 ) l Possible faults(Switch position A 에서 Q=1 이여야 함 ) »Internal open at Z1-1 : 0 이 입력되지 않음 »Component failure in NAND gate Z1 »Internally shorted to ground at Z1-3, Z1-4, and Z2-2 n 5-4 Clock Signals and Clocked F/Fs  Async/Synchronous System l Asynchronous System : The output of logic circuits can change state any time one or more of the input change l Synchronous System : The exact times at which any output can change states are determined by a signal commonly called the clock »Synchronous circuits are easier to design and troubleshoot because the circuit outputs can change only at specific instants of time.  Clock Signal = rectangular pulse train or square wave ( Fig. 5-14 ) l Positive-Going Transition(PGT), Negative-Going Transition(NGT) l The synchronizing action of the clock signals is accomplished through the use of clocked flip-flops

5. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-5  Clocked Flip-Flops : Fig. 5-15 l 1. Clocked FFs have a clock input(CLK, CK, or CP) »In most clocked FFs, the CLK input is edge-triggered : NGT or PGT l 2. Clocked FFs have one or more control inputs »The control inputs will have no effect on Q until the active clock transition occurs(=Synchronous control inputs) l 3. In summary, »The control inputs control the WHAT : Output state(DATA 0 or 1) will go to »The clock input determines the WHEN : actually triggers the change  Setup and Hold Times l Setup time(5 - 50 ns) »minimum time that control input must remain at constant value before the transition. l Hold time(0 - 10 ns) »minimum time that control input must not change after the positive transition n 5-5 Clocked S-C F/F  Clocked S-C F/F l Waveform analysis in Fig. 5-17 : positive going edge transition t s t h Positive clock transition Control Input Clock Input Set-Clear F/F 50 %

6. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-6 l The clock input = Trigger input l Negative-going edge transition : Fig. 5-18  Internal circuitry of the edge-triggered S-C F/F l Edge-triggered S-C F/F : Fig. 5-19 »1. NAND Latch »2. Pulse-steering : NAND gate 에 모두 1 이 입력되면 SET=0 이 되고 Q=1 »3. Edge-detector : Fig. 5-20 n 5-6 Clocked J-K F/F  Clocked J-K F/F : Fig. 5-21 l Toggle Mode : J = K = 1(S-C F/F 에서는 Invalid) l Negative-going edge transition : Fig. 5-22  Internal circuitry of the edge-triggered J-K F/F : Fig. 5-23 l Q=0, = 1 인 상태에서 J=K=1 이 입력되면 »NAND 1 의 입력은 모두 1 이고 따라서 출력은 0 이 되고 Q =1 로 Toggle »NAND 2 의 입력은 1, 1, 0 이고 따라서 출력은 1 이 되고 =0 으로 Toggle n 5-7 Clocked D F/F  Clocked D F/F : Fig. 5-24  Parallel Data Transfer : Fig. 5-27  Implementation of the D F/F : Fig. 5-25, 26 Q Q Jack-King F/F Data F/F

7. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-7 n 5-8 D Latch : Transparent Latch  D Latch : Fig. 5-28 l Edge detector is not used : EN(Enable) input 사용  Ex. 5-8) Determine waveform Q in Fig. 5-29 n 5-9 Asynchronous Inputs  Asynchronous Inputs(= override inputs) l Used to set the FF to the 1 or clear the FF to the 0 state at any time, regardless of the conditions at the other inputs l Clocked J-K F/F with asynchronous inputs : Fig. 5-30  Designations for Asynchronous Inputs l PRE(Preset), CLR(Clear) l S D (Direct SET), R D (Direct RESET)  Ex. 5-8) Determine the Q output in Fig. 5-31 n 5-11 F/F Timing Considerations  Setup/Hold Time  Propagation Delays : Fig. 5-35 ( Typ. MAX Few - 100 ns ) l t PLH : Delay going from LOW to HIGH, t PHL : HIGH to LOW D Latch is not edge Triggered, (Level Triggered) Use the overbar to indicate the active LOW CLK Q t PHL t PLH

8. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-8  Maximum Clock Frequency : f MAX ( Typ. Max 20 to 35 MHz )  Clock Pulse HIGH and LOW Times : Fig. 5-36(a) l The minimum time duration that the CLK must remain LOW before it goes HIGH t W (L), and HIGH before it returns LOW t W (H)  Asynchronous Active Pulse Width : Fig. 5-36(b) l The minimum time duration that a PRESET or CLEAR input must be kept in its active state in order to reliably set or clear the FF l t W (L) for active-LOW asynchronous inputs  Clock Transition Times l Manufacturer usually do not list a maximum transition time requirement l Generally less than 50 ns for TTL, and less than 200 ns for CMOS  Actual ICs : Tab. 5-2 (TTL : 7474, 74LS112, CMOS : 74C74, 74HC112)  Ex. 5-10) Determine following from Tab. 5-2 l (a) t PLH = 25 ns for 7474, (b) t PHL = 41 ns for 74HC112, (c) t W (L) for 74LS112, active-LOW CLR input, (d) 7474, Hold time is needed(non-zero hold time), (e) All F/F, Setup time is needed(No non-zero setup time) CLK

9. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-9 n 5-12 Potential Timing Problem in FF Circuits  Potential Timing Problem : Fig. 5-37 l J2 input of Q2 will be changing as it receives the same NGT( ). This could lead to an unpredictable response at Q2  해결책 : t PHL must be greater than Q2’s hold time requirement l Hold time 이 적다 = CLK 후에도 control input 을 계속 유지시킬 필요 없음 l Fortunately, all modern edge-triggered FFs have hold time requirements that are 5 ns or less; most have t H = 0(clock transition 과 동시에 control input 이 바뀌어도 상관이 없다 ) l For these FFs, situation like that in Fig. 5-37 will not be a problem  가정 : FF’s hold time requirement is short enough to respond reliably l The FF output will go to a state determined by the logic levels present at its synchronous control inputs just prior to the active clock transition »if we apply this rule to Fig. 5-37, J2 = 1, K2 = 0  Ex. 5-11) Determine the Q output in Fig. 5-38 l Clock transition 의 이전 입력 값을 갖는다 CLK 입력과 동시에 J2 에는 1(Q1) 이 유지되어야 하지만 J1 = K1 = 1 에 따라 Toggle 되어 CLK 입력과 동시에 곧바로 J2 = 0 이 되어 J2 의 Hold time 을 만족 시킬 수 없다 - 현재 그림은 정상 동작 - CLK 입력 전에 Q1 = 1 이며, CLK 입력과 동시에 J2 = 1 이고 따라서 Q2 = 1

10. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-10 n 5-13 Master/Slave FFs  Master/Slave FF l 2 개의 F/F 을 사용 (Slave 와 Master F/F) 하며 negative-edge transition 사용 l 위와 같이 사용하는 이유 : Timing Problem 해결 (Sec 5-12)  Timing Problem 의 해결 방법 l Negative Edge triggered F/F : 현재 사용 l Master/Slave F/F 사용 : 과거에 사용  예제 l 7470 : J-K Edge triggered F/F l 7471 : J-K Master/Slave F/F n 5-14 FF Application  Unclocked FFs l Switch debouncing(Ex. 5-2), Event storage(Ex. 5-4)  Clocked FFs l We will briefly introduce the more common applications in the following sections

11. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-11 n 5-15 FF Synchronization  Asynchronous signal input l A human operator’s actuating input switch at some random time l A FF can be used to synchronize the effect of an asynchronous input l Partial Pulse : Fig. 5-39 »The operator actuates or releases the switch are essentially random, This can produce partial clock pulses at output X l A method for preventing the appearance of partial pulses : Fig. 5-40 n 5-16 Detecting an Input Sequence  Detecting an Input Sequence : Fig. 5-41 l An output is to be activated only when the inputs are activated in a certain sequence »HIGH output only if A goes HIGH and then B goes HIGH some time later n 5-17 Data Storage and Transfer  Register l A data(binary number, BCD number,..) are generally stored in groups of FFs called registers FF Synchronization

12. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-12  Data Transfer l The data transfer involves the transfer of data from one FF or register to another l The logic value stored in FF A is transferred to FF B upon the NGT of the TRANSFER pulse l Synchronous data transfer : Fig. 5-42 l Asynchronous data transfer : Fig. 5-43 »Transfer Enable = 0 : PRE=CLR=1, 통상적인 FF 으로 동작 »Transfer Enable = 1 : A=1 이면 B=1, A=0 이면 B=0  Parallel Data Transfer : Fig. 5-44 l The contents of X1, X2, and X3 are transferred simultaneously into Y1, Y2, and Y3(Upon application of the PGT of the TRANSFER pulse) l Parallel transfer does not change the contents of source register n 5-18 Serial Data Transfer : Shift Registers  Shift Register : Fig. 5-45 l A group of FFs arranged so that the binary numbers stored in the FFs are shifted from one FF to the next for every clock pulse  Hold Time Requirement l In shift register, the FFs must have a very small or zero hold time requirement Sec. 5-12 Timing Problem 과 동일

13. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-13  Serial Transfer between Registers : Fig. 5-46  Ex. 5-13) The contents of each FF after sixth shift pulse in Fig. 5-38 ? l The registers are filled up with zeros(zero inserted)  Shift-Left Operation l 역으로 배치 (Shift 방향에 따른 장단점은 없으며, 응용 특성에 따라 선택 )  Parallel versus Serial Transfer l Parallel transfer : Speed »All of the information is transferred simultaneously upon the occurrence of a single transfer command pulse l Serial transfer : economy and simplicity »The complete transfer of N bits requires N clock pulses n 5-19 Frequency Division and Counting  3 bit binary counter : Fig. 5-47 l The FFs change state(toggle) whenever the pulses are applied l Each FF divides the frequency of its input by 2  Counting Operation : Fig. 5-48(State Table)  State Transition Diagram : Fig. 5-49 l Graphical representation of state table »Circle(state), Line(transition), I/O(input/output) 여러 개의 Transmission wire 필요 N 개 FF 은 1/2 N 까지 분주 가능 0111 1/0 clock

14. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-14  MOD Number l MOD Number indicates the number of states »N Flip-flops = 2 N different state, and count up to 2 N - 1  Ex. 5-14) What will be the state after 13 pulses( 현재는 101) in Fig. 5-49  Ex. 5-15) 6 Flip-flop arrangement of Fig. 5-47 n 5-20 Microcomputer Application  Transfer binary data of internal register to external register X : Fig. 5-50 l 1) Place the binary number onto its data output lines l 2) Place the proper address code on its address output lines l 3) Generate the clock pulse CP(Write signal)  Ex. 5-16) a) What is address decode logic ? : 11111110 b) address code = 11111111 일 때 X = ? : X will not change( 그대로 0110) n 5-21 Schmitt-Trigger Devices  Schmitt-Trigger Inverter : Fig. 5-51 l Schmitt-trigger type of input is designed to accept slow-change signals and produce an oscillation- free output STATE 1 0 V T- V T+ VOLT

15. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-15 보통 “0” 에서 “1” One-Shot tp tp Quasi-stable State n 5-22 One-Shot(=Monostable Multivibrator)  One-Shot : Fig. 5-52(a) l 1) Once triggered by trigger input(T), Q = Opposite state l 2) “1” remains for a fixed period of time t p (Determined by t p = 0.69RC) l 3) After a time t p, the OS outputs return to their resting state(“0”)  Non-retriggerable One-Shot : Fig. 5-52(b)  Retriggerable One-Shot : Fig. 5-53  Actual Devices : Fig. 5-54 l 74121/221 : Single/Dual non-retriggerable one-shot l 74122/123 : Single/Dual retriggerable one-shot n 5-23 Analyzing Sequential Circuits  Analyze a sequential circuits( FFs + Gates ) in the following example  Ex. 5-17) Determine the waveform at X, Y, Z, and W for 8 clock cycles l Counter stops counting at X=1, Y=0, and Z=0(W=0 : no change)

16. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-16 n 5-24 Clock Generator Circuits  Multivibrator l Bi-stable multivibrator : Flip-flops have two stable state l Mono-stable multivibrator : One-shots have one stable state(“0”) l Astable = Free-running multivibrator : no stable state  Schmitt-Trigger Oscillator : Fig. 5-56  555 Timer Used as an Astable Multivibrator : Fig. 5-57  Ex. 5-17) Calculate the frequency and the duty cycle of the 555 timer  Crystal-Controlled Clock Generators l Output frequency = Crystal’s resonant frequency l Clock Generator Circuit : Fig. 5-58 »Using TTL inverter : R = 300 - 1500 Ohm, 최대 20 MHz »Using CMOS inverter : R = 100 K Ohm, 최대 10 MHz n 5-25 Troubleshooting FF circuits  Open Inputs : Ex. 5-19 l K 0 가 Open 되어 J 0 = K 0 = 1 로 Toggle 됨 (TTL open = 1) “1” = Quasi-Stable State * R depends on the type of crystal used and its frequency(Graph 로 제공됨 )

17. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-17  Shorted Outputs : Ex. 5-20 l D(Z2-2) 에 0 이 입력되며, 따라서 Q(Z2-5) = 0 이어야 정상 l Possible Circuit Faults »Z2-5 or Z1-4 is internally shorted to Vcc »Z2-5 or Z1-4 is externally shorted to Vcc »Z2-4 is internally or externally shorted to GROUND(Preset : Q = 1) »Z2 internal failure l In case of Z2 internal failure »1) Check Z2’s Vcc and GROUND : O.K. »2) Unsoler Z2, and Check it’s amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and transition times (by using oscilloscope) : O.K. »3) Replace it with new one, but the new chip behaves in exactly the same way »4) Finally he detects a solder bridge between pins 6 and 7 of Z2 »5) Remove the solder bridge and then the circuit functions correctly l Explain how this fault produced the operation observed »The Q and outputs are internally cross-coupled so that the level on one will affect the other »A constant LOW at would keep a LOW at one input of NAND gate so that Q would have to stay HIGH regardless of the J or K 현재는 Q = 1 Rule out Q Q “1” “0” Both outputs should be checked for faults, even those that are not connected to other devices

18. Digital Systems © Korea Univ.. of Tech. & Edu. Dept. of Info. & Comm. Chap. 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 5-18  Clock Skew l A clock signal arrives at the CLK inputs of different FFs at different times(propagation delay 가 원인 ) l The skew can cause a FF to go to a wrong state : Fig. 5-61 »Q2 는 CLOCK 1 에서 Q1=0 이 입력되어 계속 Q2=0 이 되어야 함 ( 그러나 그림에서는 CLOCK 2 이후에 Q2=1 이 되어 오동작 ) l 해결 방법 »Problems caused by clock skew can be eliminated by equalizing the delays(the active transition arrives at each FF at approximately the same time) 각각의 Clock Input 에서의 Propagation Delay 를 계산