1. You Asked for it…..
Biology REVIEW

2. biomolecules Building Block Uses Examples Test Carbohydrate
Simple sugars
Ready source of energy
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
STARCH turns purple in iodine
SUGARS react with Benedict’s Solution
Protein
Amino acids
Transport
Speed up reactions
Immunity
Cell communication
Enzymes (-ase)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein hormones (insulin)
Reacts with Biuret Solution
Lipid
Fatty Acids
Back up energy source
In membrane
Fats, oils
Leaves oily spot on brown paper bag
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Store and transmit genetic info
DNA, RNA
DNA stains (methylene blue)

3. CELLS EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA surrounded by a membrane.  (They have a nucleus). 
Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic
Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts.  Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage. 
Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP.
All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein
These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus)
They have ribosomes to make proteins
These are the simplest cells
Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep throat.

4. The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
It is made of lipid and protein
It controls what goes in and out of a cell.
Associated with HOMEOSTASIS

5. Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport CELL TRANSPORT
Movement from high to low concentration
No energy required
Osmosis
Movement of water from high to low WATER concentration across a membrane
Active Transport
Movement from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
USES ATP

6. Enzymes are specific for reactions bind to substrate at active site
are not changed in the reaction
speed up reactions
are made of PROTEIN
are reusable

7. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Converts sunlight to chemical energy
Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP
Cellular Respiration
Takes place in mitochondrion
Releases the energy stored in glucose
AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)

8. AEROBIC vs AnAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Requires oxygen
Makes A LOT of ATP
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Happens in mitochondrion
Does not use oxygen
Makes only 2 ATP
Small amount of ATP
Also called fermentation
YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS (w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID
Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)

9. Atp cYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND

10. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Adds genetic variation
Involves meiosis and fertilization
TWO parents involved
Diploid and haploid cells
Creates identical copies (clones)
Only involves MITOSIS
ONE parent involved
Common in bacteria and unicellular protists

11. Mitosis and Meiosis One division Two divisions 2n  2n 2n  n
(same number of chromosomes)
Results in 2 genetically identical cells
Two divisions
2n  n
Half the number of chromosomes
Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells
Forms gametes (egg and sperm)

12. DNA DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases
In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
DNA’s shape is a double helix
The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
A binds to T
C binds with G

13. DNA Replication Process of DNA copying itself Steps
DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
Each side acts as a template
New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new strand.
Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)

14. DNA  mRNA  protein Protein Synthesis Made of amino acids
Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making  a protein
In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.
DNA  mRNA  protein
Made of amino acids

15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA RNA PROTEIN DNA is in nucleus
GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
RNA
mRNA is made in nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION
Remember base pairing rules
PROTEIN
mRNA goes to ribosome
3 bases on mRNA is a codon – each codon codes for one amino acid
tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA
Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA

16. Can you IDENTIFY the parts?
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Codon
Anticodon
tRNA
Amino acid
Protein (polypeptide)

17. READING THE CODON CHART
Be sure to use mRNA
You won’t have to memorize this!
What amino acid is coded for by the DNA
ATA GAG
First convert DNA to mRNA
ATA GAG UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu

18. Genetics
We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE One gene came from mom, one from dad If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr) If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr) Some genes are dominant and others are recessive We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene RR and Rr would “look” dominant rr would look recessive
This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers Cross is: Bb x Bb Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white

19. Sex Linkage
Females are XX Males are XY Sex-linked traits are on X chromosome Trait is more common in MALES Examples are colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot)
Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Y’s to their sons
Moms give X’s to both daughters and sons

20. CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE
Four blood types
A, B, AB, O
Three different alleles: A, B or neither
A = AA or AO B = BB or BO AB = AB O = OO
Agglutinogen = protein

21. PEDIGREES 4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
Tracing traits through generations
Males are squares
Females are circles
Horizontal line means married
Vertical line means children
Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition
Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12?
4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)
12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

22. KARYOTYPE XY = male In humans, 22 pair of autosomes
A chart showing arrangement of chromosomes
In humans, 22 pair of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
XX = female
XY = male
Extra chromosomes a result of non-disjunction
Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis
One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)
Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
3 21’s = Down Syndrome

23. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments
DNA FINGERPRINTING
TRANSGENIC organisms
Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments
IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual
Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA
Gene cloning
Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin
Evidence points to suspect 2

24. EVOLUTION – change over time
EVIDENCE
Natural Selection
Fossil evidence
Fossils found in sedimentary rock
Lower level fossils are older and more PRIMITIVE
We can compare fossils to modern organisms
Similar structure suggests common ancestor
Biochemical evidence
DNA and protein similarities suggest common ancestor
Credited to Charles Darwin
Organisms in populations have variations that can be passed from generation to generation
More organisms born that environment can support
Organisms compete for resources
Those organisms with favorable variations have more babies and the population evolves