1. World of Matter
Standard 9

2. Matter is something that occupies space and has mass.
What is matter
Matter is something that occupies space and has mass.
Matter
Non – Matter

3. Matter is made up of small particles
Every substance is made up on small particles (called molecules). Each particle has the same properties as the original substance.
A chemical bond holds the particles together. The strength of the bond between the particles determines many properties of that substance.

4. Particles of matter are in motion
If you add a few drops of potassium permanganate to water you will observe that the color of the entire solution will change even if you don’t stir the solution.
This is because particles of matter are always in motion.
Particles of a solid vibrate in their place while those of liquid and gas can move about more freely.

5. There is gap between particles
There is a lot of gap in between two particles of a substance.
When you add potassium permanganate to water, the particles of potassium permanganate occupy the space between the water particles.
Water molecule
Potassium permanganate molecule
There is very little empty space between particles in a solid.
Gases have the maximum amount of empty space between particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas

6. Properties of Matter Matter is made up on small particles.
Particles of matter are held together by a chemical bond.
Every particle of matter has the same properties.
Particles of matter are in constant motion.
There is gap between the particles of matter.

7. Plasma – Highly excited gas which has lost its electrons
States of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Plasma – Highly excited gas which has lost its electrons
Bose-Einstein Condensate NEW! – matter at the coldest temperatures (0.000,000,001°K)

8. States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Has a fixed shape No fixed shape
Takes the shape of the container
Has fixed volume
No fixed volume
Takes the volume of the container
Very hard to compress
Can be compressed a bit
Easily compressible
Little empty space between particles
Large empty space between particles
Particles vibrate in their place
Particles can move about freely within the liquid
Particles have high energy and more about randomly
Strong chemical bonds hold the particles together
Chemical bonds in liquids are weaker than in solids
Gases have the weakest chemical bonds amongst the three

9. Viscosity Viscosity describes a liquid’s resistance to flow.
Honey is more viscous then kerosene which is more viscous then water.

10. Changing the state of matter
120 90 60 30 2 4 6 8 10
Temperature (°C)
Time (s)
-30
Boiling Point
Melting Point

11. What happens on heating
Matter is made up on small particles which are in constant motion.
When you heat matter, the particles of matter absorb the heat energy and begin moving faster (in other words they gain kinetic energy).
As more energy is provided the chemical bond between the particles become weaker and hence there is change is the state of matter.
Latent heat is the heat absorbed or released when matter undergoes a change of state without a change in it temperature.
Latent heat of fusion – Melting
Latent heat of vaporization – Boiling

12. Sublimation
Take some ammonium chloride in a china dish. Place an inverted glass funnel over it. Heat the dish gently.
Ammonium chloride converts directly from solid state to gaseous state.
Some substances like ammonium chloride, camphor, dry ice (solid CO2) and naphthalene on heating transition directly from solid state to gaseous state.
This direct transition from solid state to gaseous state is known as sublimation.

13. Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the surface of a liquid.
When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other. Sometimes during the transfer a molecule near the surface ends up with enough energy to escape.
Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules.
Rate of evaporation depends up on surface area, temperature, flow of air and concentration of the substance in air (humidity)

14. Conversion from on state to another
BEC
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
condensation
evaporation
sublimation
deposition
melting
freezing
De-ionization
Ionization