1. Identifying Critical Thinking Hindrances This tutorial will give you practice in recognizing five common critical thinking hindrances: egocentrism, sociocentrism, unwarranted assumptions and stereotypes, relativistic thinking, and wishful thinking. Chapter 1

2. In a 1989 international study of 13-year-olds, Koreans finished first in mathematics and Americans finished last. Yet when asked whether they thought they were "good at mathematics," only 23 percent of Koreans said "yes," compared to 68 percent of Americans. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, which critical thinking hindrance do the American youngsters in this study demonstrate?

3. In a 1989 international study of 13-year-olds, Koreans finished first in mathematics and Americans finished last. Yet when asked whether they thought they were "good at mathematics," only 23 percent of Koreans said "yes," compared to 68 percent of Americans. Egocentrism. Egocentrism is self-centered thinking. Chapter 1 discusses two major forms of egocentrism: self-interested thinking and self-serving bias. Which form of egocentrism do the American students exhibit: self-interested thinking or self-serving bias?

4. In a 1989 international test of 13-year-olds, Koreans finished first in mathematics and Americans finished last. Yet when asked whether they thought they were "good at mathematics," only 23 percent of Koreans said "yes," compared to 68 percent of Americans. Self-serving bias Self-serving bias is the tendency to overrate oneself--to be overly confident of one's knowledge, abilities, or good fortune. The American students in this study certainly don't lack "self-esteem." What they do lack is a proper sense of how little they know about mathematics.

5. Muhammad Ali [speaking in Zaire, Africa]: "There's no country as great as the smallest city in America. I mean [here in Zaire] you can't watch television. The water won't even run right. The toilets won't flush. The roads, the cars- -there's nothing as great as America." Based on your reading of this chapter, what type of critical thinking hindrance does Muhammad Ali display in this passage?

6. Muhammad Ali [speaking in Zaire, Africa]: "There's no country as great as the smallest city in America. I mean [here in Zaire] you can't watch television. The water won't even run right. The toilets won't flush. The roads, the cars- -there's nothing as great as America." Sociocentrism Sociocentrism is group-centered thinking, i.e., thinking that is excessively influenced by group standards of conduct or belief. Chapter 1 discusses two major forms of sociocentrism: group bias and conformism. What form of sociocentrism does Ali display in this passage: group bias or the herd conformism?

7. Muhammad Ali [speaking in Zaire, Africa]: "There's no country as great as the smallest city in America. I mean [here in Zaire] you can't watch television. The water won't even run right. The toilets won't flush. The roads, the cars- -there's nothing as great as America." Group bias Group bias is the tendency to think more highly of one's nation, race, school, family, or other social group than is warranted by the evidence. In saying, for example, that "there's no country as great as the smallest city in America," Ali is clearly overstating the comparative virtues of his own country, and thus is guilty of group bias.

8. Sexually active bisexual: “I’ll never get AIDS. I’m a very intuitive person. I would sense it if someone had something as degenerative as the AIDS virus.” Based on your reading of this chapter, what critical thinking hindrance does this person exhibit?

9. Sexually active bisexual: “I’ll never get AIDS. I’m a very intuitive person. I would sense it if someone had something as degenerative as the AIDS virus.” Wishful thinking Wishful thinking occurs when a person believes that something is true, not because they have good reasons for the belief, but because they wish it were true. Persons who engage in risky sexual activity often kid themselves in thinking, “It won’t happen to me.” Notice that this is also a case of self-serving bias. This person is overly confident of his or her ability to know “intuitively” when a potential sexual partner has the AIDS virus.

10. Ed: My friend Dirk is a college sophomore at a state university in upstate New York. He is blonde, loves surfing, and has a very laid-back personality. Mary: I bet he’s from California. What critical thinking hindrance does Mary exhibit?

11. Ed: My friend Dirk is a college sophomore at a state university in upstate New York. He is blonde, loves surfing, and has a very laid-back personality. Mary: I bet he’s from California. Stereotyping Having blonde hair, enjoying surfing, and having a laid- back personality are qualities people stereotypically associate with Californians--and this despite the fact that a majority of Californians are not Caucasians. But of course many people who are not from California also have these three qualities. And given that Dirk attends a state university in upstate New York, it is unlikely, in fact, that he comes from California.

12. Liz: I can't believe I got a B- on this marketing paper. My friend Jill turned in this same paper in a different marketing class last semester, and she got an A. Bob: Don't you realize it's wrong to plagiarize someone else's work? Liz: That's your opinion. What's wrong for one person isn't necessarily wrong for another, and I say there's nothing wrong with plagiarism--as long as you don't get caught. Based on your reading of this chapter, which critical thinking hindrance does Liz exhibit?

13. Relativistic thinking Relativistic thinking is thinking that assumes that truth is just a matter of opinion. Chapter 1 discusses two major forms of relativistic thinking: subjectivism and cultural relativism. Which type of relativism does Liz apparently accept?

14. Subjectivism Subjectivism is the idea that truth is just a matter of individual opinion. In other words, what is truth for an individual is whatever that individual believes is true. Cultural relativism is the idea that truth is a matter of societal opinion. In other words, what is true for an individual is whatever his or her society believes is true.

15. Notice that both forms of relativism make it pretty much impossible to engage in any serious critical thinking. According to subjectivism, there is no point in trying to develop thoughtful, well-substantiated beliefs, because no matter what beliefs you hold, those beliefs will be true for you. Likewise, if cultural relativism were true, there would be no point in trying to base your beliefs on evidence and good reasoning--in fact, it would be wrong to do so, because that might lead you to question society's prevailing beliefs. And according to cultural relativism, it is always wrong for a person to question his or her society's beliefs, because those beliefs are always TRUE! [ This is the end of the tutorial ] X