1. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e Chapter 20: Language

2. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction Language –System by which sounds, symbols, and gestures used for communication –Process Language comes into brain through visual and auditory systems Motor system: Produces speech, writing, signaling Processing between sensory and motor systems; Essence of language Aphasia –Partial/complete loss of language abilities following brain damage

3. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area –Broca’s area (Paul Broca 1864: Region of dominant left frontal lobe, articulate speech –Wernicke’s area (Karl Wernicke 1874): Superior surface of temporal lobe between auditory cortex and angular gyrus, lesions disrupt normal speech The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

4. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wada Procedure –Used to determine hemisphere dominant for speech The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

5. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Broca’s Aphasia (motor, nonfluent aphasia) –Difficulty speaking (fragmented speech), but understand spoken/heard language –Paraphasic errors –Pause to search for words, repeat “overlearned” things, difficulty repeating words after hearing them The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

6. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wernicke’s aphasia, fluent speech, poor comprehension –Howard Gardner case study Strange mixture of clarity and gibberish Correct sounds, incorrect sequence (sentences don’t make sense) Comprehension difficult to assess Playing music, writing similarly fragmented –Storing memories of sounds that make up words –Symptoms: Mixture of clarity and gibberish, undisturbed by sound of own or other’s speech –Characteristics: Correct words in incorrect sequence, incorrect word similar to correct word The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

7. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Wernicke-Geschwind Model –Broca’s area –Wernicke’s area –Arcuate Fasciculus (connects them) –Angular gyrus –Problems with model The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

8. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Conduction Aphasia –Lesion of fibers composing arcuate fasciculus –Comparison with Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia: Comprehension good, speech fluent –Difficulty repeating words –Symptoms: Repetition substitutes/omits words, paraphasic errors, cannot repeat function, nonsense words, polysyllabic words The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

9. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Aphasia in Bilinguals and the Deaf –Aphasia in bilinguals- Language affected depends on: Order, fluency, use of language –Sign language aphasias analagous to speech aphasias  but can be produced by lesions in slightly different locations –Verbal and sign language recovered together in one case  indicating overlapping regions used for both –Evidence suggests some universality to language processing in the brain The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain

10. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres Split-Brain Studies –Roger Sperry (1950s) –Split-brain procedure Sever axons making up the corpus callosum No major deficits With proper experiments, animals behaved as if they had 2 brains

11. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Language Processing in Split-Brain Humans –Gazzaniga: Brief stimuli delivered only to one hemisphere –Observation: Two hemispheres initiated conflicting behaviors Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres

12. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Left Hemisphere Language Dominance –Right visual field, repeated easily –Left visual field, difficulty verbalizing –Image only in left visual field, object in left hand, unable to describe –Split-brain Unable to describe anything to left of visual fixation point Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres

13. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Language Functions of the Right Hemisphere –Functions of right hemisphere: Read and understand numbers, letters, and short words (nonverbal response) –Baynes, Gazzaniga, and colleagues: Right hemisphere able to write, cannot speak –Right hemisphere: Drawing, puzzles, sound nuances –Left hemisphere: Language Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres

14. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Anatomical Asymmetry and Language –Left lateral (Sylvian) fissure longer and less steep than right –Geschwind and Levitsky: Left planum temporal larger than right in 65% cases –Functional human asymmetry: More than 90% humans right-handed –Animals: Equal numbers of right- handers and left-handers Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres

15. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging Language Studies –Old methods: Correlate language deficits with postmortem analysis of brain damage –Recent techniques Study language function in brains of living humans: Electrical brain stimulation and PET The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language –Three main effects: Vocalizations, speech arrest, speech difficulties similar to aphasia

16. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language (Cont’d) –Motor cortex: Immediate speech arrest –Broca’s area: Speech stopped after strong stimulation, speech hesitation from weak stimulation –Posterior parietal lobe near Sylvian fissure and temporal lobe: Word confusion and speech arrest –George Ojemann: Stimulate small parts of cortex: naming, reading, repeating facial movements Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging

17. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language (Cont’d) Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging Jargon Arrested speech Naming difficulty Facial movement errors

18. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Imaging of Language Processing in the Human Brain –fMRI (Lehericy and colleagues): Record during 3 different language tasks Activated brain areas consistent with temporal and parietal language areas More activity than expected in nondominant hemisphere Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging c) Passive listening

19. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging PET imaging of sensation and speech

20. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Language Acquisition –Mechanism in infants Syllable emphasis Motherese Adults talk to infants; Speech slower, exaggerated, vowel sounds clearly articulated Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging

21. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dehaene-Lambertz: 3-month infant, brain response to spoken words similar to adults –fMRI of 3-month-old infant shows response to spoken words similar to that in adults Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging  Songbirds: Model system for studying mechanisms of vocal learning Song learning similar to speech learning in humans

22. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Concluding Remarks Repeating a word that is read: Initial activity in visual cortex, then activity in motor cortex corresponding to muscles that move vocal apparatus Multiple brain areas critical for language, not just Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas Hemispheric differences Brain imaging studies expected to reveal more about language system organization

23. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation

24. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain Aphasia –Partial/complete loss of language abilities following brain damage –Greek/Roman Empires: Tongue controls speech –Sixteenth century: Speech impairment, tongue not affected –1770: Johann Gesner, brain damage –1825: Jean-Baptist Bouillard, frontal lobes –1861: Cortical area in frontal lobe