1. Lab 15 :BCD Counters and Frequency Division:
Slide 2
BCD Numbers.
Slide 3
MOD 100 BCD Counter..
Slide 4
Frequency Division
Slide 5
Frequency Division and the UP-1 board.

2. 4 bit numbers for 10, 11, … 15 are not used!
Lab 15: BCD Numbers :
A BCD number is a Binary Coded Decimal number. It is a 4 bit code used to represent the decimal numerals 0, … 9. The 4 bit numbers above 9 are not used in this number system.
Converting decimal to BCD: Example: convert 25 to BCD
Convert each decimal numeral to BCD.
4 bit numbers for 10, 11, … 15 are not used! 2 4 8 1 =0 2 5 =1
0010
0101 =2
Thus 25 = BCD =3 =4
Converting BCD to decimal :
Example: convert BCD to decimal. Start at the BCD point and group BCD bits into blocks of four. Convert each block into a BCD number. =5 =6 =7 =8 7 9 =9 1
Thus BCD = 197
Slide #2

3. Lab 15: Mod 100 BCD Counter:
A MOD 100 BCD counter is made up of two 4count symbols. Each 4count symbol is a MOD 10 counter. Here is the first Mod 10 counter.
LDN A B C D
CIN
DNUP
CLRN
CLK
SETN QA QB QC QD
COUT
4count
LDN A B C D
CIN
DNUP
CLRN
CLK
SETN QA QB QC QD
COUT
4count 1 1 1 1 1
The NAND gate will output a 1 when the count is 0 to 9.
The NAND gate will output a 0 when the feedback condition 10 is reached. This will re-start the counter at 0.
Add a second MOD 10 counter.
Connect the clocks together.
Connecting COUT and CIN will not work. COUT of the first counter is 1 when the counter reaches 15. At 15 the first counter signals the CIN of the second counter to count up by one on the next clock pulse. 15 is the terminal count which is never reached by a MOD 10 counter. An AND gate connected to CIN of the second stage is required. The inputs of the AND gate connects to QA and QD of the first counter. QA and QD are 1 when the counter is 9. This is the terminal count for a MOD 10 counter.
Start the count at 0.
Both NAND gates are 1 and the AND gate is 0 when the count is 0 to 8. The first counter counts the second counter holds 0 because CIN=0. Skip ahead in the count to 8.
At 9 the AND gate outputs a 1 to CIN.
The next clock pulse will create the feedback condition for the first counter. CIN =1 for the second counter means the its count goes to 1.
Slide #3
This cycle repeats itself at 19, 29 … The counter counts from 0 to 99 in BCD

4. 1 Second 8 PPS 1 PPS 8 PPS 4 PPS 2 PPS 1 PPS
Lab 15 : Frequency Division:
Frequency of a pulse waveform is its pulse rate. A counter halves the frequency of the input clock at each of its outputs.
1 PPS
8 PPS J K Qa
>Clk 1
Input Qb Qc 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 PPS
4 PPS
2 PPS
1 PPS
Mod 8 counter is also called a divide by 8 counter
1 Second
Slide #4

5. Visible on LED’s! Lab 15 : Frequency Division and the UP-1 board:
The UP-1 board has a 25,1275,000 PPS oscillator. Connecting a counter to a set of LED’s and clocking the counter at this fast rate would result in a count that would not be distinguishable on the LEDS. All LED’s would appear to be on at the same time.
Oscillator
25,175,000 PPS
UP-1
>CLK QA QB QC QD
Connecting the UP-1 oscillator to a 24 stage counter will divide the frequency down to a rate that is distinguishable on LED’s. Grouping any 4 adjacent outputs creates a MOD 16 counter. Each MOD 16 counter group counts a slower speed.
The counter requires 16 clock pulses to count from 0 to 15. Each second the oscillator generates 25,175,000 pulses. LED’s are changing so fast that they all appear to be on at the same time.
Oscillator
25,175,000 PPS
UP-1
>CLK Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q13
Q14
Q15
Q16
Q17
Q18
Q19
Q20
Q21
Q22
Q23
Q24
Mod 16counter with a 25,175,000 PPS clock rate.
Mod 16 counter with a 12,587,500 PPS clock rate.
Mod 16 counter with a 6,293,750 PPS clock rate.
Mod 16 counter with a 3,146,875 PPS clock rate.
Pulse rates must be less than 30 PPS in order to be distinguishable on LED’s.
24 PPS
12 PPS
6 PPS
3 PPS
1.5 PPS
0.75 PPS
Visible on LED’s!
Mod 16 counter with a 48 PPS clock rate.
Mod 16 counter with a 24 PPS clock rate.
Mod 16 counter with a 12 PPS clock rate.
Slide #5